<p>Fort C. F. Smith was a military post established in the Powder River country by the United States Army in Montana Territory on August 12, 1866, during Red Cloud&#39;s War. Established by order of Col. Henry B. Carrington, it was one of five forts proposed to protect the Bozeman Trail against the Oglala Lakota , who saw the trail as a violation of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie. The fort was abandoned in 1868 and burned by the Sioux under Red Cloud.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The USA Army was ordered to build forts to protect the Bozeman trail after travel had become hazardous for any but the largest and best-armed parties. Colonel Henry B. Carrington was given command of the effort, planning Fort C.F. Smith at the crossing of the Bighorn River, Fort Phil Kearny to the east of the Bighorn Mountains, and Fort Reno on the Powder River. A fourth fort on the Clark Fork River was never built.</p><br>
<p>Originally named Fort Ransom, the post was renamed in commemoration of Gen. Charles Ferguson Smith. It included a 125-foot square stockade made of adobe and wood for protection, with bastions for concentrated defense. Two companies of the 18th Infantry Regiment (approximately 90-100 officers and men) were stationed at Fort Smith during 1866, and during 1867 the garrison consisted of 400 men of the 27th Infantry.</p><br>
<p>A large Sioux party unsuccessfully attacked haycutters guarded by 20 soldiers near the Fort in the Hayfield Fight in 1867. The Army abandoned Fort C.F. Smith as a condition of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.</p><br>
<p>The site of the fort is located on private land, on what is today the Crow Indian Reservation. It is just outside the town of Fort Smith, Montana. Since most of the fort&#39;s buildings were made of adobe, as of 2010 the foundations of the structures can still be seen as low mounds rising a foot or two off the pasture. By looking carefully, the arrangement of buildings around the perimeter of the old parade ground can be discerned. A stone monument in the approximate center of the parade ground (placed in the 1930s) commemorates the fort. A wooden sign, in poor repair, marks the Bozeman Trail.</p><br>
<p>Fort C.F. Smith was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is included within Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, with 307 acre including six contributing sites.</p><br>
<p>The Smith-McDowell House is located in Asheville, North Carolina. It is the city&#39;s first mansion and oldest surviving house, and the oldest brick structure in Buncombe County.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed in the 1840s for James McConnell Smith. His daughter Sarah Smith-McDowell and her husband, William Wallace McDowell bought the house after her parents died. It is a blend of architectural styles dating from its original 1840 construction and additions completed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The floor plan is typical of Adam style, better known as Federal style in America.</p><br>
<p>It is a double-pile plan, Flemish bond, five-bay mansion that features a double-tier porch semi-engaged beneath an extension of its gable roof. Each three-bay end wall has a pair of interior chimneys. The brick walls are 12 to 20 inches thick. The original Federal character that dominated the houses exterior remains in the large fanlights above the front doors and in the delicacy of the front porch that is supported by twelve slender fluted columns (six on each level). The house has corbelled cornices that feature dentils. The exterior of the building at one time displayed penciling, and remnants remain in several spots. Although much of the dwellings original Greek Revival interior woodwork was replaced during a Neoclassical style remodeling in 1913, the second floor&#39;s mantels, window frames, and door frames are original, dating from the 1840s. A one-story semicircular sunroom was added to the southern end wall in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Today the house is on the grounds of Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College. It serves as a timeline museum showing how families lived during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The House is open to the public Wednesdays through Saturdays 10am - 4pm and Sunday noon - 4pm. A small entry fee covers your self-guided tour.</p><br>
<p>The Provincetown Historic District encompasses most of the dense urban center of Provincetown, Massachusetts. The district is roughly bounded to the north by USA Route 6; to the west by the west end of Commercial St. to the south by Provincetown Harbor; and to the east by the southeast end of Commercial St. It covers about 300 acres, and includes more than 1,000 buildings. Its historic character spans more than 200 years of settlement, from the citys early years as a fishing community, to its development as a summer resort area and artists colony beginning in the late 19th century. The district was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Four properties in the district are also individually listed.</p><br>
<h2>First Universalist Church</h2><br>
<p>The First Universalist Church, built in 1847, is the oldest church in Provincetown. Its "Christopher Wren" tower is thought to have been inspired by the famous English architect. It is now called the Unitarian Universalist Meeting House.</p><br>
<h2>Center Methodist Church (former)</h2><br>
<p>The Center Methodist Church church building is the current home of the Provincetown Public Library and former home of the town Heritage Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Provincetown Public Library (former)</h2><br>
<p>The former Provincetown Public Library building remained on the National Register after the library moved in 2005 to the Center Methodist Church, above.</p><br>
<h2>Provincetown Post Office</h2><br>
<p>The Provincetown Post Office Building on Commercial Street, still the town&#39;s only post office, was built in 1930. It is a brick two-story building with a loggia of three rounded arches.</p><br>
<p>Trebula or Trebula Balliensis or Trebula Baliensis , was an ancient city of Campania, Italy, the location of which is occupied by the modern village of Treglia in the comune of Pontelatone.</p><br>
<p>It was situated in the district north of the Vulturnus (modern Volturno), in the mountain tract which extends from near Caiatia (modern Caiazzo) to the Via Latina. Pliny terms the citizens Trebulani cognomine Balinienses, probably to distinguish them from those of the two cities of the same name among the Sabines; but the Campanian town seems to have been the most considerable of the three, and is termed simply Trebula by Ptolemy, as well as by Livy.</p><br>
<p>The first mention of the name occurs in 303 BCE, when we are told that the Trebulani received the Roman franchise at the same time with the Arpinates. There seems no doubt that the Campanian city is here meant: and this is quite certain in regard to the next notice in Livy, where he tells us that the three cities of Compulteria, Trebula, and Saticula, which had revolted to Hannibal, were recovered by Fabius in 215 BCE. The Trebulanus ager is mentioned also by Cicero among the fertile districts of Campania, which Servilius Rullus proposed to distribute among the poorer Roman citizens; and Pliny writes that it was noted for its wines, which had rapidly risen in estimation in his day. The Liber Coloniarum also mentions Trebula among the municipal towns of Campania. It appears to have received a fresh body of settlers under Augustus, but without attaining the rank of a colony.</p><br>
<p>The site of Trebula, which was erroneously fixed by Cluverius and some local writers to the south of the Vulturnus, appears to be correctly identified by local antiquarians with a place called Treglia or Tregghia, at the foot of the Pizzo San Salvatore, about 10 km north of the Vulturnus and 13 km northeast of Capua. There are said to be considerable ancient remains upon the spot, which together with the resemblance of name would seem clearly to establish the position of the ancient city.</p><br>
<p>Baker Mountain is a wild, trail-less mountain located in Beaver Cove , Piscataquis County, Maine. It is flanked to the northwest by Lily Bay Mountain. Elephant Mountain is about 2 mi to the southwest, and White Cap Mountain is about 5 mi to the east.</p><br>
<p>The east side of Baker Mountain drains into Baker Mountain Brook, then into the West Branch of the Pleasant River, the Piscataquis River, the Penobscot River, and into Penobscot Bay. The southwest side of Baker Mountain drains into North Brook, then into Upper and Lower Wilson Ponds, Eagle Stream, Big Wilson Stream, Sebec Lake, and the Sebec River, another tributary of the Piscataquis River. The northwest side of Baker Mountain drains into South Brook, then into Moosehead Lake, the source of the Kennebec River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine.</p><br>
<p>The southern slopes of the mountain are part of the Katahdin Iron Works conservation property managed by the Appalachian Mountain Club.</p><br>
<p>Cornwall Iron Furnace is a designated National Historic Landmark that is administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The furnace was a leading Pennsylvania iron producer from 1742 until it was shut down in 1883. The furnaces, support buildings and surrounding community have been preserved as a historical site and museum, providing a glimpse into Lebanon Countys industrial past. The site is the only intact charcoal-burning iron blast furnace in its original plantation in the western hemisphere. Established by Peter Grubb in 1742, Cornwall Furnace was operated during the Revolution by his sons Curtis and Peter Jr. who were major arms providers to George Washington. Robert Coleman acquired Cornwall Furnace after the Revolution and became Pennsylvanias first millionaire. Ownership of the furnace and its surroundings was transferred to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1932.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Cornwall Iron Furnace was one of many ironworks that were built in Pennsylvania over a sixty-year period, from 1716-1776. There were at least 21 blast furnaces, 45 forges, four bloomeries, six steel furnaces, three slitting mills, two plate mills, and one wire mill in operation in Colonial Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The furnaces at Cornwall Furnace went through two stages of technology. Peter Grubb was born in Delaware about 1702 and settled in what is now Lebanon County in 1734. He bought about 300 acre of magnetite rich land. Grubb also noticed that his land had the other natural resources needed to produce iron. Namely, vast stands of timber for the production of charcoal, running water to operate the bellows, and an ample supply of limestone needed to add flux to the smelting furnaces. Grubb&#39;s plans were further helped by the fact that the magnetite at Cornwall was either very close to or on the surface of his land. He was ready to venture into the iron business and set about the task of building an iron "plantation". These centers of iron production were usually located well away from the heavily cleared farmlands and were nestled in the Ridge and Valley section of Pennsylvania. Grubb constructed his furnaces, first a bloomery and later the more modern charcoal-fired blast furnace and the support buildings and mill village that was needed to house his workers. He named his operation Cornwall because his father, John Grubb had come from Cornwall, UK in 1677. Cornwall Iron Furnace was an excellent fit for the agricultural based economy of the Thirteen Colonies. Iron was needed to make into tools, nails and weapons. The official policy of Great Britain frowned on manufacturing in the colonies, but England was no longer able to produce the needed iron for its needs let alone the needs of the colonists. In fact England had become dependent on importing iron from Sweden.</p><br>
<p>Peter Grubb was not really an ironmaster, but a builder. In 1745 he leased the ironworks to a consortium, Cury and Company, for 25 years and returned to Wilmington. The consortium continued the operation, with ownership passing to Peters sons, Curtis and Peter Jr., after his death in 1754. The brothers took over the operation in 1765 and ran it quite successfully until the late 1780s. Curtis operated the Cornwall Furnace and lived on site; c1773 he built the original 19 rooms of the mansion that still stands prominently next to the property. Peter Jr. ran a forge at Hopewell, refining the pig iron produced by the furnace into more valuable bar iron. The ironworks were major suppliers to the Revolutionary War effort, and George Washington once visited to inspect the operation. Unfortunately for the Grubb family, as described in Curtis Grubbs biography, they were unable to retain control of the operation after Curtis marriage in 1783. Most of the Grubbs holdings gradually fell into the hands of Robert Coleman, culminating in 1798. Coleman&#39;s son, William, was named manager of Cornwall Furnace and lived in the mansion; in 1865 the Colemans remodeled it into the 29 room structure known today as Buckingham Mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Iron Act</h2><br>
<p>In American Colonial history, the Iron Act, passed in 1750, was part of the British legislation designed to encourage the production of raw materials (including pig iron) in colonial America, but to restrict their manufacture there into finished iron goods. Existing manufacturing works could continue, but new ones for certain processes were prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Bloomery</h2><br>
<p>The first furnace built by Peter Grubb at Cornwall Iron Furnace was a bloomery. Grubb built this in 1737 to test the market value of his ore. It was an economical way to test the market without having to invest in building the much more efficient and profitable blast furnace.</p><br>
<p>A bloomery is basically an enlarged blacksmith&#39;s hearth. It consists of a pit or chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. (Sandstone was used at Cornwall.) Near the bottom, one or more clay pipes enter through the side walls. These pipes, called tuyeres, allow air to enter the furnace, either by natural draft or by forced with a bellows. An opening at the bottom of the bloomery may be used to remove the bloom, or the bloomery can be tipped over and the bloom removed from the bottom.</p><br>
<p>The first step taken before the bloomery can be used is the preparation of the charcoal and the iron ore. The charcoal is produced by heating wood to produce the nearly pure carbon fuel needed for the refining process. The ore is broken into small pieces and roasted in a fire to remove any moisture in the ore. Any large impurities in the ore can be crushed and removed. Since slag from previous blooms may have a high iron content, slag from previous blooms can be broken up and recycled into the bloomery with the new ore.</p><br>
<p>In operation, the bloomery is preheated by burning charcoal, and once hot, iron ore and additional charcoal are introduced through the top, in a roughly one-to-one ratio. Inside the furnace, carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of the charcoal reduces the iron oxides in the ore to metallic iron, without melting the ore; this allows the bloomery to operate at lower temperatures than the melting temperature of the ore. Since the desired product of a bloomery is easily forgeable, nearly pure iron, with a low carbon content, the temperature and ratio of charcoal to iron ore must be carefully controlled to keep the iron from absorbing the carbon and becoming unforgeable. Limestone could also be added to the bloomery, about 10% of the ore weight, which would act as flux and help carry away impurities.</p><br>
<p>The small particles of iron produced in this way fall to the bottom of the furnace and become welded together to form a spongy mass of the bloom. The bottom of the furnace also fills with molten slag, often consisting of fayalite, a compound of silicon, oxygen and iron mixed with other impurities from the ore. Because the bloom is highly porous, and its open spaces are full of slag, the bloom must later be reheated and beaten with a hammer to drive the molten slag out of it. Iron treated this way is said to be wrought, and the resulting nearly pure iron wrought iron.</p><br>
<h2>Blast furnace</h2><br>
<p>In 1742, Grubb replaced his bloomery with a 30 ft high charcoal-fired cold blast furnace. The blast furnace burned hotter than the bloomery and was able to render molten pig iron ("charcoal iron") from the ore.</p><br>
<p>A blast furnace relies on the fact that the unwanted silicon and other impurities are lighter than the molten iron that is the main product. Grubb&#39;s furnace was built in the form of a tall chimney-like structure lined with refractory brick. Charcoal, limestone and iron ore (iron oxide) were poured in at the top, and air was blown in through tuyeres near the base. The resulting "blast" promotes combustion of the charcoal (more modern furnaces use coke or even anthracite), creating a chemical reaction that reduces the iron oxide to the base metal which sinks to the bottom of the furnace. The exact nature of the reaction is:</p><br>
<p>Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2Fe + 3CO2</p><br>
<p>More precisely, the compressed air blown into the furnace reacts with the carbon in the fuel to produce carbon monoxide, which then mixes with the iron oxide, reacting chemically to produce iron and carbon dioxide, which leaks out of the furnace at the top. In the beginning of the reaction cycle, the hot blast, also called "wind", containing pre-heated gas from Cowper stoves and air, is blasted into the furnace through tuyeres. The wind will ignite the coke and the Boudouard reaction will take place:</p><br>
<p>C + O2 → CO2</p><br>
<p>CO2 + C → 2 CO</p><br>
<p>The temperature in the furnace typically runs at about 1500 °C, which is enough to also decompose limestone (calcium carbonate) into calcium oxide and additional carbon dioxide:</p><br>
<p>CaCO3 → CaO + CO2</p><br>
<p>The calcium oxide reacts with various acidic impurities in the iron (notably silica), forming a slag containing calcium silicate, CaSiO3 which floats on the iron.</p><br>
<p>The pig iron produced by the blast furnace is not useful for most purposes due to its high carbon content, around 4-5%, making it very brittle. Some pig iron is used to make cast iron goods, often being remelted in a foundry cupola.</p><br>
<p>For other purposes further processing is needed to reduce the carbon content to enable iron to be used for tools or as a construction material. There have been various processes for this. The earliest process was conducted in the finery forge. In the late 18th century, this began to be displaced by potting and stamping, but the most successful new process of the industrial revolution period was puddling.</p><br>
<p>This is now done by forcing a jet of high-pressure oxygen into a special rotating container containing the pig iron. Some of the carbon is oxidised into carbon monoxide, CO, and carbon dioxide, CO2. This also oxidizes impurities in the pig iron. The container is rotated and the processed pig iron can be separated from the oxidised impurities. Before the mid 19th century, pig iron from the blast furnace was made into wrought iron, which is commercially pure iron. At that period, if steel was needed, particularly pure varieties of iron were heated with charcoal in a cementation furnace to produce blister steel (with about 1-2% carbon). This might be further purified using the crucible technique, but steel was too expensive to use on a large scale. However, with the introduction of the Bessemer process in the late 1850s and then other processes, the production of steel was dramatically increased. By the late 19th century most iron was being converted to steel before use.</p><br>
<h3>Charcoal</h3><br>
<p>The blast furnaces at Cornwall Furnace needed a tremendous amount of charcoal in order to keep them fired and thereby create a steady production of iron. The making of the charcoal became an industry in itself. Hardwood trees were chopped down, dried, stacked and fired in 30 to 40 ft pits. A collier carefully stacked the wood around a chimney. The stack of wood was covered with leaves and dirt and was set on fire in the center. The fires were allowed to smolder for ten to fourteen days, under the careful, round the clock, supervision of the collier. The colliers were careful to make sure that enough heat was produced to expel moisture, tar and other substances from the wood without burning the wood up entirely. Wood was not charred until just before it was needed to keep it from getting wet and becoming useless. The demand for charcoal was so tremendous that Cornwall Furnace used an entire acre of wood every day for making charcoal.</p><br>
<h3>Working at the furnace</h3><br>
<p>The furnace operated twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, except for when it was closed for repairs. Cornwall Iron Furnace was capable of producing 24 tons of iron a week. A large waterwheel powered the bellows. Carts loaded with charcoal passed to and fro between the coal barn and the furnace under a protective roof designed to keep the charcoal dry. Other wagons hauled the ore from the mine to the top of the furnace on the hillside. Workers then manually transported the charcoal and ore to the furnace. The guttermen worked at the base of the furnace. They raked the cooling sand and dug channels for the molten pig iron. Next, they stacked the bars of pig iron outside. The working conditions were very difficult. Temperatures inside the casting house reached as high as 160 °F (71 °C).</p><br>
<p>Such a massive and difficult iron and charcoal making operation need a massive and hardened workforce. The furnace alone needed as many as sixty people working around the clock in twelve-hour shifts. The iron works support staff included a company clerk, a host of teamsters, woodcutters, the colliers, farmers and household servants. There was a wide gap between the classes. Workers were housed in small homes and worked very hard for low wages. The owners and supervisors of the furnace lived in mansions with sizable servant staffs. Historians have likened life at the furnace to life in a feudal barony.</p><br>
<p>There were three groups of workers at Cornwall Iron Furnace: Free labor, indentured servants and slaves. Slavery was legal in Pennsylvania until it was gradually abolished beginning in 1780 when the importation of slaves was prohibited. The management of the furnace had quite a bit of trouble with the staff of indentured servants. These unskilled workers were imported from Germany, England and Ireland. Many of them worked at Cornwall for a short time before eventually running away.</p><br>
<h2>The Coleman legacy</h2><br>
<h3>Robert Coleman</h3><br>
<p>Robert Coleman rose from a holding clerkship at a prothonotarys office in Philadelphia to bookkeeper at Cornwall Iron Furnace to becoming Pennsylvanias first millionaire.</p><br>
<p>Coleman arrived in Philadelphia from Ireland in 1764. After serving as a clerk and bookkeeper he went on to acquire a lease on Salford Forge near Norristown in 1773 and immediately made a sizeable profit by manufacturing cannonballs and shot at Salford and Elizabeth Furnaces. He then used his profits to purchase a two thirds share of Elizabeth Furnace, shares of Cornwall and the Upper and Lower Hopewell Furnaces, (not the similarly named Hopewell Furnace), and ownership of Speedwell Forge. Soon Coleman was able to construct Colebrook Furnace, purchase the rest of Elizabeth Furnace and acquired 80% ownership of Cornwall Furnace and the ore mines nearby. His business acquisitions and the profits turned from them enabled him to become the first millionaire in the history of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h3>George Dawson Coleman</h3><br>
<p>George Dawson Coleman was the grandson of Robert Coleman and son of James Coleman. George Dawson Coleman married Deborah Brown of Philadelphia and had several children including Ann Coleman who moved to France and revitalized Château de Villandry (alongside her husband Joachim Carvallo).</p><br>
<p>George Dawson Coleman controlled much of the Coleman iron fortune with his brother, Robert. George acquired greater control of the ore mines at Cornwall and was able to experiment with iron furnaces that were fueled by anthracite coal instead of coke. He also invested in the expanding railroad, and built houses, a school and church for his employees. He was much loved his community and went on to serve several times in the Pennsylvania State Legislature. (Several churches built by the Coleman family are still in existence in the area, and they are known as Coleman Chapels.)</p><br>
<p>George oversaw many improvements in production at Cornwall Iron Furnace. The bellows were replaced with "blowing tubs". The blowing tubs were piston-powered air pumps and containers that held compressed air and forced that air into the furnaces. The waterwheel was replaced by a steam engine in 1841. And the furnace stack was rebuilt in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The Colemans turned direct supervision of Cornwall Iron Furnace to John F. Reynolds in 1848. He was a graduate of West Point and managed the furnace until the outbreak of the Civil War. Reynolds was commissioned a general and was the first Union General to fall at the Battle of Gettysburg.</p><br>
<h3>Robert Habersham Coleman</h3><br>
<p>Robert Habersham Coleman was the fourth and last generation scion of the Colemans. He shut the facility in 1883, opening new facilities for the company. In 1881, at the time he took over his familys business, Coleman was worth about seven million dollars. By 1889 he was estimated to be worth thirty million dollars. By 1893 the fortune had vanished. One of his homes, Cornwall Hall, was a "symbol of the rise, fame and decline of the "king" of Cornwall (Pennsylvania) during Americas Gilded Age."</p><br>
<h2>Downfall</h2><br>
<p>Cornwall Iron Furnace became obsolete by the 1880s. The Bessemer and open-hearth processes of creating steel, the replacement of charcoal with coke and anthracite coal, the discovery of iron deposits at the Iron Range in Minnesota near Lake Superior, and the building of modern factories in Pittsburgh, Steelton and Bethlehem brought about the end of iron production in Cornwall. Cornwall Furnace no longer earned a profit in its last ten years of operation and the last owner, Robert Habersham Coleman, had it shut down on February 11, 1883. In 1932, the furnace and ancillary buildings were deeded by Margaret Coleman Buckingham and have since been restored and open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Trebula  was an ancient city of the Sabines in what is now central Italy, one of two bearing the name Trebula &ndash; Pliny being the only author who mentions both places: Trebulani qui cognominantur Mutuscaei, et qui Suffenates. Its site is clearly fixed at Monteleone Sabino, a village about 3 km on the right of the Via Salaria, between Osteria Nuova and Poggio San Lorenzo. There are considerable ruins here including those of a theatre, of thermae or baths, and portions of the ancient pavement. Several inscriptions have also been found here, some of which bear the name of its people, Plebs Trebulana, Trebulani Mutuscani, and Trebulani Mut., so that no doubt can remain of their attribution.</p><br>
<p>As this seems to have been much the more considerable place of the two Sabine cities named Trebula (the other being Trebula Suffenas), it is probably that meant by Strabo, who mentions Trebula without any distinctive adjunct but in conjunction with Eretum. The Liber Coloniarumn also mentions a "Tribule", municipium which is probably the same place. Martial also alludes to Trebula as situated among cold and damp mountain valleys, but it is not certain which of the two places he here refers to.</p><br>
<h2>Temple of Feronia</h2><br>
<p>There was once a temple of Feronia, which was plundered by Hannibal. Virgil speaks of Mutusca as abounding in olives (oliviferaeque Mutuscae), which is still the case with the neighbourhood of Monteleone Sabino, and a village near it consequently bears the name of Oliveto. Excavation work from 2000 until now have uncovered the porch of the temple of Feronia which once featured peripheral walls of breccia, originally made from wood, that was replaced later by another wall composed travertine and bricks.</p><br>
<p>The Old Idaho Penitentiary State Historic Site was a functional prison from 1872 to 1973 in the western United States. The first building, also known as the Territorial Prison, was constructed in the Territory of Idaho in 1870. The territory was less than ten years old when the prison was built east of Boise. From its beginnings as a single cell house, the penitentiary grew to a complex of several distinctive buildings surrounded by a 17 ft sandstone wall. The stone was quarried from the nearby ridges by the resident convicts, who also assisted in later constructions.</p><br>
<p>The Old Idaho Penitentiary is operated by the Idaho State Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Prison history</h2><br>
<p>Over its 101 years of operation, the penitentiary received more than 13,000 inmates, with a maximum population of a little over 600. Two hundred and fifteen of the inmates were women. Two famous inmates were Harry Orchard and Lyda Southard. Orchard assassinated former Governor Frank Steunenberg in 1905 and Southard was known as Idaho&#39;s Lady Bluebeard for killing several of her husbands to collect upon their life insurance. Two serious riots occurred in 1971 and 1973 over living conditions in the prison. The 416 resident inmates were moved to the newly built Idaho State Correctional Institution south of Boise and the Old Idaho Penitentiary was closed on December 3, 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Idaho State Historical Society recorded oral history interviews with fifteen former prison guards. These tapes and transcripts cover prison operations and remembrances from the 1950s to the closing of the prison. The collection is open for research at the society.</p><br>
<h2>Prison Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Territorial Prison was completed in 1872 and received its first 11 inmates from the Boise County Jail. This building was converted into a Chapel in the 1930s and was destroyed by fire in the 1973 riot.</p><br>
<p>The New Cell House (1889–1890) consisted of three tiers of 42 steel cells. The third tier closest to the Rose Garden served as "Death Row."</p><br>
<p>The area now known as the Rose Garden (as this it what it is now) was once used to execute prisoners by hanging. Of the 10 executions in the Old State Penitentiary, six occurred here.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building (1893–1894) housed the warden&#39;s office, armory, visitation room, control room and the turn key area.</p><br>
<p>The False Front Buildings (1894–1895) held the commissary, trusty dorm, barber shop (1902-1960s) and hospital (originally the blacksmith shop, but was remodeled in 1912 and remained the prison hospital until the 1960s).</p><br>
<p>The Dining Hall (1898) was designed by George Hamilton (an inmate at the time) and burned down in the 1973 riot.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 2 (1899), also known as the "North Wing," contained two-man cells. A "honey bucket" was placed in each cell to serve as a toilet. Inmates burned the building in the 1973 riot.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 3 (1899) was built the same as Cell House 2. It was eventually condemned for habitation, but in 1921 was converted into a shoe factory. In 1928, this building was remodeled for inmate occupancy and became the first cell house with indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>The Women&#39;s Ward (1905–1906) was built out of necessity. Prior to its completion women did not have separate quarters. Male inmates built a wall around the old wardens home to serve as a separate facility for women. This building had seven two-person cells, a central day room, kitchen and bathroom facilities. This building held the infamous Lyda Southard (Lady Bluebeard).</p><br>
<p>Built by inmates, the Multipurpose Building (1923) served as a shirt factory, shoe shop, bakery, license plate shop, laundry, hobby room, and loafing room and housed the communal showers.</p><br>
<p>Solitary confinement consisted of two sections. The first, built in the early 1920s, was the Cooler. Although built for solitary confinement, each cell contained 4-6 men. The second section, known as Siberia, was built in 1926 and housed 12 3x8 cells with one inmate per cell.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 4 (1952) was the largest and most modern cell house at the penitentiary. Some inmates painted their cells and left drawings on the walls that can be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Cell House 5 (1954) was Maximum Security where the most unruly and violent offenders stayed. This building also served as a permanent place of solitary confinement. It includes a built-in gallows and "Death Row."</p><br>
<p>Although not a building, there is also an outdoor Recreational Area where inmates boxed and played baseball, basketball, handball, tennis, horseshoes and football. The baseball, and later softball, team was named "The Outlaws" and frequently played teams from across Treasure Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Museum and Historical Society</h2><br>
<p>The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 for its significance as a Territorial Prison. The site currently contains museums, an arboretum and is a facility managed by the Idaho State Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In late 1999, J.C. Earl donated his personal collection of historic arms and military memorabilia to the state of Idaho. These items were placed on exhibition as the J.C. Earl Exhibit at the Old Idaho Penitentiary. They range from the Bronze Age to those used today for sport, law enforcement, and military purposes. The Luristan Bronze collection dates to about 1000-650 BC.</p><br>
<p>The Belleville Historic District is a historic district in Belleville, Illinois. The primarily residential district consists of an irregularly shaped area on the east side of Belleville. 70 buildings are included in the district, all of which are contributing buildings to its historic character. The homes in the district represent Bellevilles residential development from 1830 to 1900. Many of the houses were designed in a vernacular cottage style popular among the citys German immigrants; while common in Belleville and other Metro-East cities, the style is little seen elsewhere in the state. Formal architectural styles such as Greek Revival and Italianate are also prevalent in the district.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Gustave Koerner House is a historic house located at 200 Abend Street in Belleville, Illinois. The Greek Revival house was built in 1848-49 and rebuilt in 1854-55. Gustave Koerner, a German immigrant and prominent Illinois politician, lived in the house from its construction to his death in 1896. Koerner served as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, sat on the Illinois Supreme Court, and was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives. He was also a political ally of Abraham Lincoln during his senatorial and presidential campaigns and convinced many German-American voters to support Lincoln. During the Civil War, Koerner served as United States Minister to Spain and thereafter mounted a failed campaign for Governor of Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Knobeloch–Seibert Farm is a historic farm located on the east side of Schneider Road east of Belleville, Illinois. The farm was established circa 1832 by John W. Knobeloch and his family; after passing through several generations of the Knobeloch family, it was inherited by Henry Seibert. Both the Knobeloch and Seibert families immigrated to the area from Germany as part of a wave of German immigration to Illinois&#39; American Bottom region in the early 1800s. The first building on the farm was a farmhouse built in 1832, which no longer stands; the oldest surviving building on the farm is the 1844 barn. The second farmhouse, constructed in 1861, features a segmented arched brick cellar, a characteristic feature of German vernacular architecture.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Family  is a Roman Catholic church located at 116 Church Street in the St. Clair County, Illinois city of Cahokia. Built in 1799, it is a remarkably unaltered example of the French colonial construction style known as "poteaux-sur-solle" , and one of the few such buildings surviving in North America. It was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The occupying congregation is the oldest continuously active Catholic Parish in the United States, having been founded in 1699 by Canadian missionaries. Although it now worships primarily in a newer building next door, it still uses this building for services. Visitors are also welcome for guided tours in the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Holy Family stands in central Cahokia, at the southeast corner of East 1st and Church Streets. The church campus includes three buildings: the 1799 church, a modern 20th-century sanctuary, and a parish house. The 1799 church is a log structure, measuring about 32 x. It is built out of heavy walnut timbers that were hewn into rectangular shape and mortised into a wooden sill resting on stone slabs. The timbers are each about 14 ft long, one foot wide and six inches thick, and are set about one foot apart. The spaces between them are filled with what was termed pierrotage, a mixture of rubblestone and clay. Each of the walls slopes slightly inward as it rises, and is braced by diagonal timbers. The roof trusses are of walnut and oak, and give the roof a bell-cast appearance.</p><br>
<p>The only substantive alterations to the building have been relatively minor. Small wings were added in 1833, and in the 1890s the exterior was finished in wooden clapboards; the clapboards have since been removed. In 1949–1951 the structure&#39;s foundation underwent repairs, and some of its rotted members were replace.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1699, when priests from Quebec arrived to establish a mission. The mission was ended about 1768, and the fate of its building is not known. Construction of this church began about 1786, not long after the arrival of Father Paul St. Pierre, and was formally consecrated in 1799. It remained in use by the congregation for worship until 1891, when a new stone church was built adjacent. The log church was then converted into a parish hall, a role it played until its restoration in 1949–51.</p><br>
<p>The Lebanon Historic District is a historic district composed of the areas of Lebanon, Illinois, developed prior to 1900. The district includes five distinct areas of Lebanon: the citys main commercial district, the neighborhood around McKendree University, two residential districts, and an archaeological site at the city limits. Development in Lebanon began in the 1820s, and McKendree University was founded in 1828. The oldest building from this period, the Mermaid House Hotel, is a Federal structure dating to 1830. The city received an influx of German immigrants from the 1830s onward, which affected the citys development. In the 1850s and 1860s, a railroad opened in the city and several local industries developed; however, the city retained the character of a small college town and never developed into an industrial or trade center.</p><br>
<p>The historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1978.</p><br>
<p>La Cotte de St Brelade is a Paleolithic site of early habitation in St Brelade, Jersey. Cotte means "cave" in Jèrriais. The cave is also known as Lé Creux ès Fées .</p><br>
<p>Neanderthals lived there at various times between around 250,000 years ago and after 48,000 years ago—making it the earliest known occupation of the Channel Islands by a hominin species, and also possibly one of the last Neanderthal sites in northwestern Europe. It is the only site in the British Isles to have produced late Neanderthal fossils.</p><br>
<p>At that time, with sea levels slightly below those at present, Jersey was part of Normandy, a peninsula jutting out from the coast, and La Cotte would have been a prominent landmark on the dry plain that linked Jersey to the French mainland. It was not until after the last Ice Age that the sea eroded the coastline, separating first Guernsey, then Jersey and finally the Écréhous from the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Making fire</h2><br>
<p>Remains of fire was found in La Cotte. In fact, the earliest dates obtained for artifacts at the site (238,000 BP) come from thermoluminescence dating of burnt flint.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural Evolution</h2><br>
<p>The immense timespan represented by the Paleolithic artifacts at La Cotte—nearly 200,000 years—saw considerable cultural changes among the prehistoric users of the site. The earliest stone tools, dated between around 240,000 years to 200,000 BP, are fairly typical of early Middle Paleolithic sites. From around 200,000 BP, however, there is noticeable elaboration in the procedures used to manufacture stone implements, with an increased use of Levallois (prepared core) techniques, and an increased efficiency of raw material usage as tools were resharpened and reused for multiple purposes throughout their ‘lifetimes’. Dated at approximately 180,000 BP, two impressive piles of animal bones, consisting of selected cuts of mammoths and woolly rhinoceros, appear to have been dragged beneath an overhang after being butchered. These innovations mark a transition stage between Middle and Upper Paleolithic subsistence strategies.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation Timeline</h2><br>
<p>Excavations have taken place from around 1910 onwards.</p><br>
<p>Robert R. Marett (1866–1943) worked on the palaeolithic site from 1910–1914, recovering some hominid teeth and other remains of habitation by Neanderthal man. He published "The Site, Fauna, and Industry of La Cotte de St. Brelade, Jersey" (Archaeologia LXVII, 1916). The teeth were dated using new techniques in 2013, this analysis put them at between 100,000 and 47,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, Arthur Smith Woodward (director of the geology department at the British Museum of Natural History) was asked by R.R. Marrett to inspected the findings at La Cotte. At the time, Woodward was engaged in the archaeological discovery of "Piltdown man", which later became notorious as a hoax, and he used a comparison of findings at La Cotte to argue for an early dating of his Piltdown material.</p><br>
<p>The Cambridge University excavations of the 1960s and 1970s found important examples of remains of Pleistocene mammals carried into La Cotte, including a pile of bones and teeth of woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros. Prince Charles took part (as a student) in these excavations, directed by Professor C.M.B. McBurney, which were later published.</p><br>
<p>Katharine Scott, in 1980, published an article on the hunting methods used by Neanderthals at La Cotte in which she argues that they stampeded and drove the mammoths off the nearby cliffs, but this theory has since been disputed.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 excavations were renewed at La Cotte by a multi-disciplinary team from British Institutions including UCL, The British Museum the University of Southampton and University of Wales Trinity Saint Davids. These on-going excavations revealed new archaeological levels at the site and determined the presence of deposits younger than 47,000 years ago still present at the site.</p><br>
<p>Himayat Sagar is an artificial lake about 20 km from Hyderabad in Telangana, India. It lies parallel to a larger artificial lake Osman Sagar. The storage capacity of the reservoir is 2.9 tmc ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The construction of reservoir on Esi a tributary of Musi River was completed in 1927, for providing drinking water source for Hyderabad and saving the city from floods, which Hyderabad suffered in 1908. It was built during the reign of the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam VII and is named after his youngest son Himayat Ali Khan.</p><br>
<p>The Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar reservoirs provided continuous water supply to the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad until recently. Due to population growth, they are not sufficient to meet the cities&#39; water supply demand.</p><br>
<p>The engineer at the time of construction was late Khaja Mohinuddin, son of Mohammed Hussein, Madri.</p><br>
<p>The grassy area adjoining the lake is an ideal picnic and recreation spot. The road atop the bund is popular for a good drive.</p><br>
<p>In June 2012, the water level at Osman Sagar was 1769.8 feet. On October 1, 2012, the level was 1771.8 feet, an increase of a mere 2 feet. Similarly, in Himayatsagar, the water level in June 2012 was 1743.3 feet and on October 1, it was 1,747.4 feet, an increase of about 4 feet. In October 2011, the water levels at Osmansagar and Himayatsagar were 1781.9 feet and 1754.9 feet respectively.</p><br>
<p>High Falls, on the Little River in Transylvania County, is a 125 ft  waterfall located in the DuPont State Forest, in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>High Falls is located in Transylvania County on the Little River through the DuPont State Forest. It is one of 4 major waterfalls on the Little River in this area, the others being Triple Falls, Hooker Falls, and Bridal Veil Falls. Above the falls itself, the river is level and calm. The falls consists of a wide, ever-steepening slide over granite, and the water generally stays on the rock the whole way down. In some places, the water free-falls for a few feet or jumps off the rock face, but it is not possible to get behind the falls anywhere.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>High Falls has been known for years to local residents. In the 1990s, DuPont Forest was sold to the State of North Carolina, and as DuPont has completed cleanup of various areas, those areas have been made open to the public as a part of the 10,000+ acre DuPont State Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting High Falls</h2><br>
<p>Visitors may park at the Hooker Falls parking area, and then hike the Triple Falls / High Falls Trail for roughly 1 mile (past the view for Triple Falls). There are several views of the falls, one from an overlook that lets you view the entire falls, and another from a covered bridge area that passes near the top of the falls on Buck Forest Rd.</p><br>
<p>DuPont State Forest may also allow access to the falls by vehicle to handicapped persons. Contact the DuPont State Forest for more information.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby falls</h2><br>
<p>Triple Falls</p><br>
<p>Hooker Falls</p><br>
<p>Bridal Veil Falls</p><br>
<p>Wintergreen Falls</p><br>
<p>Connestee Falls and Batson Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Key Falls</p><br>
<p>Glen Cannon Falls</p><br>
<p>Turley Falls</p><br>
<p>Flowerdew Hundred Plantation dates to 1618/19 with the patent by Sir George Yeardley, the Governor and Captain General of Virginia, of 1,000 acre on the south side of the James River. Yeardley probably named the plantation after his wifes wealthy father, Anthony Flowerdew, just as he named another plantation "Stanley Hundred" after his wifes wealthy mother, Martha Stanley.  A "hundred" was historically a division of a shire or county. With a population of about 30, the plantation was economically successful with thousands of pounds of tobacco produced along with corn, fish and livestock. Sir George paid 120 pounds  to build the first windmill in British America.</p><br>
<p>Today, Flowerdew Hundred plantation is a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation survived the Indian massacre of 1622 with only six deaths, remaining an active and fortified private plantation unlike many others in the area, such as the Citie of Henricus and Martins Hundred, that were abandoned. The first windmill erected in English North America was built at Flowerdew Hundred by 1621, and was an English post mill. In 1624, Abraham Piersey, Cape Merchant of the Virginia Company, purchased Flowerdew Hundred renaming it Pierseys Hundred. Piersey’s Stone House was the first home with a permanent foundation in the colony. The 1624 Muster lists approximately sixty occupants at the settlement, including some of the first Africans in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the seventeenth century, Flowerdew Hundred continued to prosper with the establishment of a secondary settlement. In 1683, with the passage of the king’s Advancement of Trade Act, Flowerdew Towne was formed down river, but it was not very successful within the James River planter economy. Sometime after 1720, a ferry ran from Flowerdew Hundred across the stretch of the James known as "Three Mile Reach" to the north bank of the James. An ordinary or tavern was eventually built there for the convenience of the passengers.</p><br>
<p>Part of the old Hundred was acquired by the Joshua Poythress and passed through several of his descendants also named Joshua Poythress. The property was shelled during the 1781 campaign of Gen. Benedict Arnold. He ordered Lt. Col. Simcoe and some Queen’s Rangers to spike the guns near Hood’s fort on the eastern edge of the property and then continued to the capital of Richmond, setting it afire.</p><br>
<p>The Plantation was re-formed again through the work of John Vaughn Willcox, a Petersburg merchant. He married the last Poythress heiress and bought up the surrounding lands that were part of the original land grant that had been sold off. In 1804 they built a new house on the high ridge overlooking the fertile bottom lands along the James, but maintained their primary residence in nearby Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War came to Flowerdew in June 1864 when the Commanding General of the Armies of the United States Ulysses S. Grant ordered his men to cross the James River in an effort to outflank Gen. Robert E. Lee and capture the City of Petersburg and its rail hub that was vital to the Confederate war effort. In support of the Overland Campaign, the Corps of Engineers, in a remarkable feat of construction, built a pontoon bridge across the James in one evening, setting a record for the longest floating bridge ever built. Grant’s Crossing from Weyanoke to Flowerdew (or Wilcox Landing as it was then known) held this record until World War II. The Army of the Potomac with three corps and a supply train crossed the river in about three days heading for City Point to begin the Siege of Petersburg. The site of the pontoon bridge was “found” again in 1986 by Eugene Prince and Taft Kiser. Using Prince’s Principle, a simple 35 mm camera, a cypress tree on the riverbank, and an Alexander Gardner photograph taken in 1864, they were able to place the bridge into the modern landscape. A dead limb on a cypress tree in the Gardner photograph was still present 122 years later and confirmed the location as the site of the crossing.</p><br>
<p>The old Willcox house was torn down in 1955 though a magnolia planted in 1840 still survives in the yard of the large mansion that was built on its former site in the late 1990s. The bald cypress tree that anchored the great pontoon bridge also remains. In 1978, a commemorative windmill of English post design was built on the farm by English Millwright Derrick Ogden. The windmill has since been sold and removed from the property.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the name has been spelled as Fleur de, Flowerdieu, Flower de and Flourdy Hundred. Other names for the property include Piersey or Peircey’s Hundred, Selden&#39;s, Hood’s, and Bellevue. It is listed on Virginia’s Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, Civil War Overland Campaign Lee-Grant Trail, and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Flowerdew Hundred Plantation is currently owned and operated by the Justice family, headed by patriarch Jim Justice, that has extensive farming and milling operations in West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina including 50,000 acres (200 square kilometers) that it farms through its Justice Family Farms group headquartered in Beckley, West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The original land grant of 1,000 acres contains over 60 archaeological sites ranging from Archaic Native American encampments to Twentieth Century homesteads. Registered sites include 44PG64 (Stone House excavation); 44PG65 (Fortified Area); 44PG113 (Selden House sites) and 44PG98 (Flowerdew Towne/Ferry Complex). Archaeological investigations began at Flowerdew in the late 1960s and continued through 1995 when archaeologist James Deetz led the final excavation within the original limits of the fortified area. The excavations yielded more than 500,000 artifacts, all of which are currently housed at the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>One of many notable artifacts is the Prince of Orange Medallion, which was minted in 1615. Three other such Medallions have been found, including one at Historic Jamestowne, and a Native American grave at Burr&#39;s Hill, Rhode Island. In addition, one Medallion is held by the British Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, David A. Harrison III, then owner of Flowerdew Hundred, created the Flowerdew Hundred Foundation. The Foundation operated a museum and conducted tours of the plantation and reconstructed windmill until 2007. The windmill was given to the American Wind Center and Museum in Lubbock, Texas. It was dismantled and moved to Lubbock in 2010. The Foundation closed its doors on October 12, 2007. The reconstructed windmill was dismantled, and the plantation was sold.</p><br>
<p>Elephant Mountain is a mountain located in Township C, Oxford County, Maine. Its northeastern end is in Township D, Franklin County. Elephant Mountain is flanked to the northeast by Bemis Mountain, and to the southeast by Old Blue Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170 mi National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, runs along the base of Elephant Mountain, 700 ft below the summit.</p><br>
<p>Elephant Mountain stands in the watershed of the Androscoggin River, which drains into Merrymeeting Bay, the estuary of the Kennebec River, and then into the Gulf of Maine. The northwest side of the mountain drains into Metallak Brook, then into Upper and Lower Richardson lakes, the Rapid River, and Umbagog Lake, the source of the Androscoggin. The southwest side of Elephant Mountain drains into Birch Brook and Clearwater Brook, then into Black Brook, and the Ellis River, and the Androscoggin. The southeast side of the mountain drains into Mountain Brook, then into Berdeen Stream, and the Swift River, another tributary of the Androscoggin.</p><br>
<p>New Wardour Castle is an English country house at Wardour, near Tisbury in Wiltshire, built for the Arundell family. The house is of a Palladian style, designed by the architect James Paine, with additions by Giacomo Quarenghi, who was a principal architect of the Imperial Russian capital city Saint Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The building of the house was begun in 1769 and completed in 1776, with additional buildings being added in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1961 to 1990, it was the home of Cranborne Chase School, an independent boarding school for girls.</p><br>
<p>New Wardour Castle is approximately 1.5 mi from Old Wardour Castle, which was left as a landscape feature of the parkland of the new house. This was formerly the home of the Arundell family before it was slighted in the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Building structure</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed from limestone ashlar with hipped Welsh slate roofs and comprises a square main block with flanking pavilions. The north front has a rusticated basement below a piano nobile, with mezzanine and attic floor over.</p><br>
<p>The house also includes a Roman Catholic chapel and a rare rotunda staircase. There are many painted ceilings and ornate fireplaces, typical of the building&#39;s period.</p><br>
<h2>Rotunda staircase</h2><br>
<p>The rotunda staircase was designed by James Paine and is 144 ft round.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor under the staircase is black and white marble, with exits to the north and south and with sweeping staircases on either side. The stairs can sometimes be fitted with glass uplighter candle lamps and a stair carpet.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has a wooden floor and also has Roman columns rising to the vaulted ceiling. The surrounding balustrade is made of fine leadwork with flowers covered in gold leaf and is topped by a wooden handrail. Leading off the first floor are four fine alcoves with tall wooden doors.</p><br>
<p>Also on the first floor is a pipe organ in wood, ivory and gold.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling is a high circular dome with a central window decorated with reliefs of musical instruments.</p><br>
<h2>All Saints' Chapel</h2><br>
<p>The Roman Catholic chapel which belonged to, and is integral to, the house, is known as All Saints Chapel, Wardour. It was enlarged in 1788 by Henry Arundell, 8th Baron Arundell of Wardour, to the designs of John Soane. From its beginning, it served the needs of a substantial local recusant community and still has regular Sunday services. Due to its exceptional acoustics, it is also sometimes used for musical events. Ownership of the chapel was transferred to the Wardour Chapel Trust in the late 1890s, and the running costs and maintenance of this Grade I listed chapel are now funded entirely through voluntary donations.</p><br>
<h2>Parkland and garden</h2><br>
<p>Plans for the grounds were suggested by Richard Woods in 1764, but these proved too expensive and in 1773 were revised by George Ingham. Capability Brown was then brought in and undertook extensive earth moving and tree planting between 1775 and 1783.</p><br>
<p>The current garden includes a ha-ha, a walled garden with a swimming pool, and a Camellia house. There is a long driveway, which passes the Hexagonal cottage and leads up to the rear of the building and the chapel.</p><br>
<p>There is also a Temple, built as a folly, in a distinct area of the grounds referred to as the Temple Garden.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>After the death in 1944 of John Francis, 16th and last Lord Arundell of Wardour, the building was rented and became the home of Cranborne Chase School. The school built new classrooms, studio dormitories and a dining-room extension on the south-eastern side of the main house, along with three staff houses to the west.</p><br>
<p>The school eventually closed in 1990. In 1992 the house along with five cottages, six tennis courts, and a swimming pool in the walled garden, was sold for under £1 million to Nigel Tuersley, and was converted into 10 luxury apartments by designer John Pawson, with Tuersley living in Apartment 1, which occupies the two main floors of the central block. The extensions and accommodation added by the school were mostly demolished.</p><br>
<p>The building has been designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building, with its grounds being grade II* listed. It was used in the filming of the television mini-series First Born (1988), and in the filming of Billy Elliot, a movie released in 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 Jasper Conran bought Apartment 1, planning to live between there and Ven House.</p><br>
<p>The Center Methodist Church or Center Methodist Episcopal Church is located in Provincetown, Massachusetts at 356 Commercial Street. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The church moved to a new building in 1955, and the building has changed hands several times since. It is currently the home of the Provincetown Public Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Evolution of Provincetown Landmark:</p><br>
<p>1860 - Center Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>1958 - Chrysler Art Museum</p><br>
<p>1974 - Center for the Arts</p><br>
<p>1976 - Provincetown Heritage Museum</p><br>
<p>2005 - Provincetown Public Library</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1860. It was said to be the largest church of Methodist denomination anywhere in the United States. It cost $22,000 to complete, and had room to seat 900 people in 128 pews. The original spire was 162 feet tall and contained a huge bronze bell cast by George Holbrook in Eastmeadow, Massachusetts, according to a history of Provincetown Methodists done in 1995 by the Provincetown Methodist congregation&#39;s 200th Anniversary Committee. The steeple was weakened and damaged in the Portland Gale, and so a new steeple, restored in 2007, was reduced to be 100 feet off the ground. Yet, according to the Provincetown Banner, the local newspaper:</p><br>
<h3>Chrysler Art Museum of Provincetown</h3><br>
<p>In 1958, the building was sold for $40,000 to Walter P. Chrysler Jr. – the son of Walter Chrysler, the founder of the Chrysler Corporation – for use as the Chrysler Art Museum of Provincetown. During this period he collected many works by local artists. In 1962, however, his collection became embroiled in a scandal in the art community. That summer, the museum housed an exhibition from his collection entitled "The Controversial Century: 1850–1950". Out of the 187 works displayed, 90 were claimed to be forgeries by the Art Dealers Association of America. Among the declared fakes were works purported to be by Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh (4 of the 5 shown), Pierre Bonnard and Paul Klee. Most of the suspect works had been purchased over a two-year period from two New York dealers. Mr. Chrysler defended his acquisitions and their veracity, saying, "I dont make any claim for their being the greatest examples of each artist, but we cant look at masterpieces all the time. I think that would be rather dull."</p><br>
<p>Chrysler continued to run the museum with limited success until he closed it in 1970. In 1971, he moved his collection to Virginia, still operating today as the Chrysler Museum of Art. There are differing accounts as to the reason for the move. According to the Museum&#39;s website, "The efflorescence of paintings, sculpture, artifacts and glass soon outgrew its limited quarters in a 19th-century church, however, and Chrysler began seeking a new home for the works." The people of Provincetown remember it differently, however. The local newspaper reported it differently, saying, "Discouraged when the Town of Provincetown would not help him find parking for visitors to the museum, Chrysler packed up his collection and moved..." Whatever the reason, the building was sold in 1974 for $90,000 to</p><br>
<h3>Heritage Museum</h3><br>
<p>Through the efforts of the Provincetown Historical Association and the Historic District Study Committee, the building was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places. It received certification in October 1975. Subsequently, in 1976, a special town meeting voted to acquire the building for $135,000, and it was sold to the Provincetown Historical Association and used for the display of town artifacts as the Provincetown Heritage Museum. The Provincetown Heritage Museum officially opened to the public on July 4, 1976.</p><br>
<h4>The Rose Dorothea</h4><br>
<p>A major addition to the building came about in 1977, during the Heritage Museums stewardship. That addition is a half-scale replica of Provincetowns Grand Banks fishing schooner, the Rose Dorothea. On August 1, 1907, the Rose Dorothea won the Liptons Cup, despite breaking one of her masts, in the first and only Fishermans Race, a 42-mile race from Provincetown to Gloucester to Boston. The original vessel was sold in 1916 to a Newfoundland company that used her to ferry salt and other supplies to Portugal. In February 1917, a German U-Boat submarine surfaced next to the schooner as she neared the coast of Lisbon, and then, after allowing her crew to evacuate in lifeboats, sank her. Sixty years later, in 1977, construction began on the replica fishing schooner, and it was dedicated on June 25, 1988. The completed model spans a 66’6” length and a 12’6” beam. The original vessel was 108.7 feet long, weighed 108 tons and had a crew of 26 men.</p><br>
<h3>Provincetown Public Library</h3><br>
<p>The Heritage Museum operated on a seasonal basis with a minimal staff and a group of volunteers through the summer of 2000, and in 2001, the Town voted to convey this property to the Provincetown Public Library. In 2002 renovations began to convert the building into the Provincetown Public Library. Upon completion the Provincetown Public Library would move into this building from another historic building, the old Provincetown Public Library, located several blocks up Commercial Street.</p><br>
<p>The Provincetown Public Library website set forth the plans:</p><br>
<p>As a part of the process, the Town was faced with another decision – the choice of keeping the Rose Dorothea and incorporate it into the new library, or the choice of removing it, thus destroying it in the process. It was decided to keep the schooner intact, and the interior of the library can be seen in the accompanying photo.</p><br>
<p>Ano Lechonia  is a town in the Magnesia regional unit, Greece. Ano Lechonia was the seat of the former municipality of Artemida. The population of the village in 2011 was 1,068, the population of the community  was 1,429. Ano Lechonia is situated in the northwestern part of the Pelion peninsula, 1.5 km from the Pagasetic Gulf coast, 3 km southwest of Agios Georgios Nileias, 4 km southeast of Agria and 11 km southeast of Volos.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Lechonia may come from the Slavic word lech meaning "field". Historians say it was the ancient city Methone. At the hill named Nevestiki the ruins of an ancient wall have been found. The residents of Methone supported the Argonauts with ships.</p><br>
<p>After four centuries of Ottoman rule, Ano Lechonia became part of Greece in 1881, as a consequence of the transfer of Thessaly to Greece following the Treaty of Berlin (1878). It was connected by a railway to Volos in 1895.</p><br>
<p>Maple Mountain is a mountain, located within Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park, Northeastern Ontario, Canada, estimated 642 m above mean sea level. It has a higher vertical rise over the surrounding landscape, 37 m higher than the Ishpatina Ridge, which is the highest point of land in Ontario rising over Scarecrow Lake. Maple Mountain rises over Tupper Lake and is considerably better known than Ishpatina Ridge. It ranks thirteenth, but when ranked by vertical rise it is the highest of the top 25 peaks in Ontario. The 100-ft fire tower is also still intact and attracts many hikers. A 3.2 kilometre long hiking trail leads to the abandoned fire tower.</p><br>
<p>Located in Timiskaming District of Northeastern Ontario, the mountain is not very accessible; roads and trails in the remote area are difficult to travel in poor weather. The most popular approach routes to Maple Mountain are by canoe and/or float plane.</p><br>
<p>The indigenous Temagami First Nation call the mountain Chee-bay-jing, meaning "the place where the spirits go" and consider it a sacred site. The English name of the mountain was given by Dr. Robert Bell of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1888. Bell was the first known non-aboriginal to scale the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Plaza is a National Historic Landmark in downtown Santa Fe, New Mexico in the style of traditional Spanish-American colonial cities. The plaza, or "city-square", was originally, and is still to this day, the center gathering place in town. Many know it as "the heart of Santa Fe". The landmark has since grown into a playground for many tourists interested in Spanish, Native American, and Mexican cultures, and includes music, design, jewelry, art and dance. Known to locals simply as the "Plaza," it is home to annual events including Fiestas de Santa Fe, the Spanish Market, the, and the Santa Fe Indian Market.</p><br>
<p>Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Plaza consists of a central park lined with grass, trees, and benches, which add to the cultural scenery, especially at Christmas time when the Plaza streets and buildings glow with farolitos and the occasional luminaria, and trees glow with lights. Included in the park is an American Indian War Memorial monument as well as a performing arts stage.</p><br>
<p>Encompassed in the general Plaza area are historic monuments, restaurants, businesses and art galleries, including the Palace of the Governors (the oldest public building in the USA), the New Mexico Museum of Art, Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, and the Loretto Chapel. In true pueblo fashion, the Plaza architecture is traditional adobe. Just 16 mi from the Santa Fe ski basin, the Plaza dates back to the early 18th century when Santa Fe was settled by conquistadors. Until the mid-19th century, the Plaza lacked landscaping, and ownership of the area transitioned between the Spaniards and the Mexicans throughout the earlier years.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<p>Santa Fe Plaza has been the commercial, social and political center of Santa Fe since c. 1610 when it was established by Don Pedro de Peralta. The original Plaza was a presidio (fort) surrounded by a large defensive wall that enclosed residences, barracks, a chapel, a prison and the Governor&#39;s palace. Eventually the wall gave way to large houses built by high-ranking Spanish officers and officials. In 1822 the famed Santa Fe Trail, a trade route from New Mexico to St. Louis, Missouri, was opened with its terminus in the Plaza. Today the Plaza is ringed by structures in the Pueblo, Spanish and Territorial styles that reflect its diverse history. Among the most noted are the original palacio, the Palace of the Governors, built between 1610 and 1612 and San Miguel Mission, a noted landmark c. 1640, and one of the oldest churches in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza is Santa Fe’s historic, cultural and geographic center. In the early days, it was found at the end of El Camino Real (the Spanish Royal Road from Mexico City), the Santa Fe Trail, and the Old Pecos Trail. Today, the Plaza is surrounded by restaurants, shops and museums and it serves as a gathering place for both locals and tourists. Many seasonal community events are held at the Plaza, and it is then filled to capacity with people enjoying the magic that is The City Different.</p><br>
<p>Lake Harris is a lake in Lake County, Florida, United States, 31 mi northwest of Orlando. It is part of the "Upper Ocklawaha River Basin" a sub-basin of the St. Johns River. It is known by locals as the "Harris Chain of Lakes" or "Ocklawaha Chain of Lakes".</p><br>
<p>Lake Harris is the largest lake entirely in Lake County, at 13,788 acre with an irregular shape when viewed from the air. An adjoining bay, Little Lake Harris, east of SR 19, is a smaller version of the lake. The combined area of the two lakes exceeds 15,000 acre.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s northeastern shore is a landing approach zone for the Leesburg International Airport. It is a harbor city for Leesburg, at the northwestern shore of the lake. At the westernmost point of the lake is USA Route 27/SR 25. The road adjoins the lake to the east.</p><br>
<p>Lake Harris primarily receives inflow, at its southwestern shore from the Palatlakaha River which originates from the Clermont Chain of lakes to the south. Other inflowing rivers include Helena Run, and outflow from many small springs in Yalaha.</p><br>
<p>Lake Harris depth is much greater than Lake Okeechobee to the south with many deeper holes and ledges. The lake is surrounded by sandhills and cypress trees. This is the part of Florida known as the Central Florida Ridge. This region of Florida has the highest elevations in Central Florida, reaching 312 above sea level. Compared to the rest of Florida, which is relatively flat, it is quite hilly.</p><br>
<p>There are three public launching ramps on Lake Harris; off of USA Route 27 to the west, Venetian Gardens in Leesburg and Hickory Point near the Howey-in-the-Hills bridge off SR 19. There is a small but serviceable ramp located on the east side of Little Lake Harris in the City of Astatula.</p><br>
<p>The lake is ringed with cattail and bullrush, except for the occasional boat, dock, or seawall. The depth in these tall grasses normally ranges from 2–5 feet. The bottom is mostly hard sand except for some marshy areas where the bottom is considerably softer. These sheltered areas around the edge can offer a good place to fish during inclement weather.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of name</h2><br>
<p>Lake Harris derives its name from Ebenezer Jackson Harris (1815–1885), a pioneer resident who lived at Yalaha on the south side of the Lake in the 1840s. Lake Harris had been originally called Lake Eustis since 1823, in honor of Colonel Abraham Eustis. Another separate lake, the modern-day Lake Eustis now names a freshwater lake to the north, connected by the Dead River directly to Lake Harris. The lake was also known by its Seminole name Lake Astatula.</p><br>
<p>Triple Falls is a 125-foot  waterfall located in the DuPont State Forest, southeast of Brevard, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Triple Falls flows on the Little River through the DuPont State Forest in Transylvania County. It is one of 4 major waterfalls on the Little River in this area, the others being High Falls, Hooker Falls, and Bridal Veil Falls. Triple Falls has 3 distinct, different types of waterfalls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Triple Falls has been known for years to local residents. In the 1990s, DuPont Forest was sold to the State of North Carolina, and as DuPont has completed cleanup of various areas, those areas have been made open to the public. A photograph of Triple Falls was one of the tools used to convince the state to purchase the property, which is now a 10,000 acre state forest.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting Triple Falls</h2><br>
<p>Visitors may park at the Hooker Falls parking area, and then hike the Triple Falls / High Falls Trail for roughly 1/2 mile. There are 2 views of the falls, one of the base, where you can only see the bottom falls, and a second upper overlook that lets you view the entire falls.</p><br>
<p>DuPont State Forest may also allow access to the falls by vehicle to handicapped persons. Contact the DuPont State Forest for more information.</p><br>
<p>As with all waterfalls, visitors are strongly discouraged from climbing the rocks near the falls. There have been many deaths at Triple Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby falls</h2><br>
<p>High Falls</p><br>
<p>Hooker Falls</p><br>
<p>Bridal Veil Falls</p><br>
<p>Wintergreen Falls</p><br>
<p>Connestee Falls and Batson Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Key Falls</p><br>
<p>Glen Cannon Falls</p><br>
<p>Turley Falls</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall was also featured in a scene in the movies The Last of the Mohicans and The Hunger Games.</p><br>
<p>The Virgin River Gorge, located between St. George, Utah, and Beaver Dam, Arizona, is a long canyon that has been carved out by the Virgin River in northwest Arizona. The Virgin River rises on the Colorado Plateau and created the topography of both Zion National Park and the Virgin River Gorge. The Gorge connects the southwestern rim of the Colorado Plateau and the northeastern part of the Mojave Desert.</p><br>
<p>Interstate 15 runs through the canyon and crosses the Virgin River several times. The Virgin River Gorge section of Interstate 15 is one of the most expensive parts of interstate highway ever constructed. Due to the winding of the canyon, the highway within is also noted for its tricky driving conditions.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the canyon is typical of the Mojave Desert with hot summers and mild winters. Flora and fauna in the canyon are also typical of the Mojave. The canyon is popular among rock climbers, hikers, and campers.</p><br>
<p>Big Moose Mountain, previously named Big Squaw Mountain, is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine. Big Moose Mountain is flanked to the southeast by Little Moose  Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The name of the mountain was changed in 2000, in accordance with a state law that required the renaming of all geographic features and locations in Maine called "squaw" or "squa".</p><br>
<p>Big Moose Mountain stands within the watershed of the Kennebec River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine. The northeast side of Big Moose Mtn. drains into Moosehead Lake, the source of the Kennebec. The southeast end of Big Moose Mtn. drains into Squaw Brook, then into Moosehead Lake. The southwest side of Big Moose Mtn. drains into Indian Brook, then into Indian Pond and the Kennebec River.</p><br>
<p>Big Moose Mountain is the location of Big Squaw Mountain Resort, an alpine skiing area.</p><br>
<p>Monterey Pass is a 1,300 ft mountain pass located in Franklin County, southern Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The saddle area lies near Happel&#39;s Meadow, between Monterey Peak (1,663 ft) and Clermont Crag (1627 ft), in the South Mountain Range of the northern Blue Ridge Mountains System.</p><br>
<p>It is located near Blue Ridge Summit and the historical Mason–Dixon line.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Gettysburg Campaign</h3><br>
<p>It was the site of the July 1863 Fight at Monterey Pass during the Retreat from Gettysburg in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The first military engagement at Monterey Pass was on June 22, 1863. Captain Robert B. Moorman, commanding Company D of the 14th Virginia Cavalry was dispatched eastward from the area between Greencastle, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland, to obtain horses reportedly available from local Southern sympathizers. After the company passed through Leitersburg, Maryland, and on to Caledonia Furnace; at Monterey the company encountered Cavalry and the First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry, both temporarily based in Gettysburg. After a very brief skirmish, the Confederate troops withdrew toward Hagerstown, joining General Richard S. Ewell, who was advancing with a larger force.</p><br>
<p>Previous combat in the area included a June 21 engagement at Fairfield, and subsequent engagements prior to the Battle of Gettysburg included the first combat of Adams County, Pennsylvania, during the Civil War. (Pennsylvania militia at Fountain Dale on June 28) and at Emmitsburg, Maryland, on June 24.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the July 4–5 Fight at Monterey Pass, July 4 combat in the area included the Skirmish at Fairfield Gap, Pennsylvania, and skirmishes near Emmitsburg MD (9.4 miles east), and Waynesboro, Pennsylvania (6.5 miles west).</p><br>
<p>&#39;East Cemetery Hill</p><br>
<p>Tablet 6 of 9&#39;</p><br>
<p>Army of the Potomac</p><br>
<p>July 4, 1863</p><br>
<p>First and Second Brigade, First Cavalry Division marched from</p><br>
<p>Westminster The Reserve Brigade First Cavalry Division from</p><br>
<p>Gettysburg en route to Frederick Second Brigade Second Cavalry</p><br>
<p>Division from Westminster via Emmitsburg to Monterey The Third</p><br>
<p>Brigade Second Cavalry Division from Gettysburg to Hunterstown and the</p><br>
<p>Third Cavalry Division from Gettysburg via Emmitsburg to Monterey</p><br>
<p>Fight at Monterey Gap Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Skirmishes at Fairfield Gap Pennsylvania and near Emmitsburg Md</p><br>
<p>Skinner Reservoir, also known as Lake Skinner, is a reservoir in western Riverside County, California, located at the foot of Bachelor Mountain in the Auld Valley, approximately 10 mi northeast of Temecula. It was created in 1973 by the construction of the Skinner Clearwell Dam  on Tucalota Creek, and currently has a capacity of 44,200 acre.ft.</p><br>
<p>Located just off Rancho California Road, The address of the reservoir is:</p><br>
<p>37701 Warren Road,</p><br>
<p>Temecula, CA 92592.</p><br>
<p>Lake Skinner is operated by the Riverside County Regional Park and Open-Space District (RivCo Parks), under lease by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. It is supplied by the Colorado River Aqueduct and the State Water Project, and feeds the Robert A. Skinner filtration plant, which provides treated water to 2.5 million people in Riverside and San Diego Counties. It is named after Robert A. Skinner, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District from 1962 to 1967, who was instrumental in negotiating Metropolitan&#39;s contract with the California Department of Water Resources for delivery of water from Northern California.</p><br>
<p>Lake Skinner is a popular recreation area, featuring sailing, fishing, swimming (in an off-reservoir swimming area), horseback riding and hiking. The Lake Skinner recreational area includes 1,400 acres (5.7 km²) of surface water and 300 acres (1.2 km²) of lakeside parkland, features 158 RV sites and 300 developed campsites, and is the site of the annual Temecula Valley Balloon & Wine Festival and the Solar Cup competition.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was formed by construction of a dam on Tucalota Creek, along with two minor creeks named Middle Creek and Schoolhouse Creek. Tucalota Creek below the reservoir flows to Santa Gertrudis Creek, then Murrieta Creek, then to the Santa Margarita River and ultimately to the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir and nearby Southwestern Riverside County Multi-Species Reserve host endangered species such as Least Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii pusillis) and Southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus), dependent on riparian willow habitat that is created and maintained by North American beaver (Castor canadensis).</p><br>
<p>The Casa de Nariño  or Palacio de Nariño  is the official home and principal workplace of the President of Colombia. It houses the main office of the executive branch and is located in the capital city of Bogotá, Colombia. It was dedicated in 1908 after being constructed on the site of the house where Antonio Nariño was born. The design was made by architects Gaston Lelarge, a French-born former pupil of Charles Garnier, and Julián Lombana.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the structure was rededicated after the construction of additions. The building also houses works of art and furnishings from different periods of the history of art. Its garden houses the Observatorio Astronómico de Bogotá, designed by the Capuchin friar-architect Domingo de Petrés and built in 1802-03.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The grand house, located halfway along the first Carrera Street, was bought by Don Vicente Nariño in 1754 for 5,200 “patacones”. There Vicente Nariño and Catalina Álvarez lived with their children for approximately 30 years, until Nariño died. It was then when his wife and children received it in inheritance according to Nariño&#39;s will in 1778.</p><br>
<p>On April 9, 1765, the third of the eight children of the Nariño family was born, Antonio Nariño y Álvarez, one of the Colombian Independence’s national heroes. After the Nariño family, the property was acquired by a number of owners, including the daughter of the former administrator of the Colombian Mint, Doña Juana Inés Prieto y Ricaurte.</p><br>
<p>The first presidential palace from where Simón Bolivar worked after Colombian Independence was the old viceregal palace (Palacio de los Virreyes), located in the west side of Bolivar square of Bogotá in the current position of the Palacio Líevano. On November 16, 1827 one of the most intense earthquakes of the city’s history took place, this left the palace partially destroyed. Because of this, Simon Bolívar authorized the purchase of the San Carlos Palace from Juan Manuel Arrubla, and the transfer of the presidential office and the official residence to that property.</p><br>
<p>On October 23, 1885, President Rafael Núñez, purchased the Nariño house in order to convert it into a presidential palace in observance of its beauty, significance in history, and its proximity to the National Capitol. The presidents stayed there until 1892, during the periods of Rafael Nuñez and Carlos Holguin Mallarino, and under the temporary government of the Generals Eliseo Payán and José María Campo Serrano. Subsequently the presidential residence was moved again to the San Carlos Palace, while the Nariño house was used as headquarters of the War Ministry, the National Archive, and the National University’s faculty of Mathematics. On April 9, 1906, the General Rafael Reyes hired the French architect, Gastón Lelarge, and a local one, Julián Lombana to demolish parts and rebuild the former house. The architects extended the dimensions of the property to Eighth Road and restructured the inner part of the building by creating two levels. They also designed wide halls and improved the façade with carved stones. The complete ornamentation works were carried out by the Swiss sculptor Luigi Ramelli. On July 20, 1908 the government building was officially returned to the Casa de Nariño or Palace of the Carrera (Palacio de la Carrera).</p><br>
<p>During the government of Eduardo Santos the third level and the terrace roof were built, along with a heliport. The government office remained in the Casa de Nariño until 1954, when the General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla commanded it to be moved to the chancellery and the presidency came back to the San Carlos Palace.</p><br>
<h2>Remodeling</h2><br>
<p>In 1972 an extension and a remodeling of the building were proposed, these changes were made during the presidency of Alfonso López Michelsen, between 1974 and 1978. the remodeling works kept the seventh Carrera façade in its original form, but the remaining parts of the building were redesigned including the gardens, the National Observatory, the Plaza de Armas (Parades Square), the neoclassical style portico and the west wing that left the palace totally isolated from the other buildings. The restoration works were carried out by the architect Fernando Alsina, who was an auditor of the Ministry of public works. In order to make a complete restoration and extension of the palace it was necessary to demolish some nearby buildings such as the house of the Botanical Expedition, the mail administration and the house of Camilo Torres, among others. The total cost of the works was 250 million Colombian pesos.</p><br>
<p>1000 issued in 1979 showing the image of the Casa de Nariño.</p><br>
<p>During this epoch a good number of buildings near to the Casa de Nariño were declared as National Monuments of Colombia, including the Astronomic Observatory, the National Capitol, The Echeverri Palace, The Church of San Agustin, the Claustro de San Agustin, the Church of Santa Clara, the college of San Bartolomé, Bolívar Square and the historic sector of La Candelaria.</p><br>
<p>To move the presidency back to the Casa de Nariño took around ten months between 1979 and 1980 and its re-inauguration was made during the government of Julio César Turbay. On April 1, 1979, the bank of the Republic launched to the market the first series of 1000 pesos bills portraying the image of the Casa de Nariño in the seal. On December 11, 1979 the first broadcast of coloured television in Colombian was made with a speech by the former president Turbay followed by images of the new façade of the palace.</p><br>
<p>During the inauguration of Álvaro Uribe Vélez on 7 August 2002, a homemade rocket crashed into the west façade’s cornice and three soldiers were injured as well as 13 people being killed as a result of terrorist attacks all over the city. The consequences of the impact were not major and were rapidly repaired, but because of that the security had to be increased in the zone.</p><br>
<p>On March 9, 2007 the robbery of the picture of “El Cóndor” was reported. It was painted in 1971 by the master Alejandro Obregón and normally decorated the ministry council room in the palace. A few hours later it was discovered that a sergeant belonging to the presidential security body had stolen it and that the picture was stored in a house in the neighborhood, San Victorino, from where it was recovered.</p><br>
<h2>Urban Context</h2><br>
<p>The Casa de Nariño is located on Seventh Street (Calle Séptima) between Seventh Avenue (Av. Carrera Séptima) and Eighth Road (Carrera Octava), in the historical sector of La Candelaria. The south side of the house connects to the church of San Agustin and the Ministry of Finance building as well as the statue of Antonio José de Sucre.</p><br>
<p>Seventh Street was made following the original riverbed direction of the San Agustin River that used to pass behind the Casa de Nariño. The riverbed was altered in 1909 and covered by Calle Séptima in 1979. With the expansion of the street the Sucre monument had to be relocated to the Ayacucho Square on the east side of the Casa de Nariño.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern side of Seventh Road is the Casa Republicana (Spanish for Republican House), the former Imperial Hotel, Ayacucho Square and The Presidential Administrative Building. On the west side of Eighth Street (Carrera Octava) is the Claustro de San Agustin and the Vice presidency building, both of them were built on the places where Camilo Torres’ house and the Office of the Botanical Expedition used to be.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the Casa de Nariño, and in front of the neoclassical "pórtico", is the Plaza de Armas (Weapons Square), Antonio Nariño’s statue and the Patio de Rafael Nuñez, which faces the National Capitol directly, and was built between 1847 and 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>On the north side of the palace, is the Plaza de Armas(Parade Square), a place where foreign guests are received with military honors. On the north side of this square are two sculptures: A replica of the pre-Columbian anthropomorphic stone sculpture called “El dios de la muerte” (Spanish for the God of Death), whose original can be found in the San Agustin Archaeological Park, and also, a sculpture by Édgar Negret in 1979 titled “Vigilantes”, it is composed of 10 red bent aluminum plates and is dedicated to love and feelings. On the west side of the square are the fountain and the flagpole.</p><br>
<p>On the west side of the Plaza de Armas is the National Observatory designed and built by the Capuchin architect brother Domingo de Petrés between March 24, 1802 and August 20, 1803, and whose first director was José Celestino Mutis.The Observatory is the oldest in America and there the leaders of the first conspiracy movements reunited to plan the revolution of July 20, the first step to Colombian independence. Currently, the observatory is part of the National University.</p><br>
<p>On the Plaza de Armas the traditional Cambio de Guardia del Palacio(Changing of the Palace Guard) is carried out every day by the 37th Infantry Battalion, (Presidential Guard Battalion). This military parade is one of the most famous acts performed on the Plaza de Armas, because the whole battalion reunites to do it. In front of the Plaza de Armas and the Patio de Rafael Nuñez, is a statue of Antonio Nariño by the French sculptor Henri-Léon Gréber made in 1910 and was relocated on July 19, 1980.</p><br>
<h3>First Floor</h3><br>
<p>In the main entrance is the Pasillo de las Banderas (Hall of flags), where the flags of the Military Forces of Colombia are located as follows: the flags of the Colombian Air Force, Colombian Navy, Colombian National Police and the flag of the central command in the center.</p><br>
<p>In front of the military flags are the flags of Cartagena, Cundinamarca, Spain, the one created by Francisco de Miranda for the United Provinces of New Granada and the flag of July 20 (currently the flag of Bogotá).</p><br>
<p>After the hall of flags there is another room called the Bargueños Room or the Baules Room (Hall of trunks), that serves as a waiting room for visitors. The trunks of this room were the property of Simón Bolívar, and in which he used to carry the most important documents of war. There is also a large painting of Jesus by Gregorio Vasquez de Arce y Ceballos.</p><br>
<p>Another interesting part of the palace is the Salon Luis XV (Louis XV room) or Salon Carlos Holguin, so called from the oil painting of the former president Carlos Holguin. There is also another oil painting of the former president, General Rafael Reyes. The furniture of the room is in the Louis XV style; there is a lamp in the ceiling that is made of Murano glass with bronze incrustations.</p><br>
<p>Outside the doors of the Luis XV Salon is the Patio de los Novios (Suitors&#39; Court), this place is where the carriages used to enter in the original construction, in the center of the patio there is a fountain and also a sculpture called Anudamiento (Knotting) by Edgar Negret. Behind the patio there is a gallery that has the portraits of the last 25 presidents; the one of Simon Bolivar is the only one that remains there when a portrait is removed after a new one arrives. At the bottom of this gallery there is a conference room which is the place where press conferences take place and the presidential speeches are broadcast. The first floor is complemented by the entrance from the Seventh Road where is placed a Roman sculpture of the god Silvanus, made in the 2nd century and was donated by Italy in 1956. In front of the entrance there is the Staircase of Honour that leads to the second floor and has two small sculptures in its base inspired by the Moorish warriors Othello and Lemir. Both the staircase and the room are part of the original construction.</p><br>
<h3>Second Floor</h3><br>
<p>Upstairs there is an anteroom where there is a picture, painted by Tito Salas, representing Bolivar’s speech during the installation of the Congress of Angostura. There is also a German Piano that belonged to Manuelita Sáenz, two marble busts representing Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander both made by Pietro Tenerani and a picture of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. In front of the stairs is the Salón Amarillo (Yellow Room) where the foreign ambassadors present their credentials to the president. The Yellow Room still has its original floor made out of bamboo and was decorated by Luigi Ramelli. In the Salon de los Gobelinos (Gobelinos room) there are several tapestries made in France in the workshop of the Gobelin Brothers.</p><br>
<p>The Council of Ministers Room (El Salón de Consejo de Ministros) is the place where the president meets with his/her ministers and is decorated with the picture El Cóndor by Alejandro Obregón and the portraits of Camilo Torres, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Domingo Caycedo and Joaquín Mosquera. There is also a picture called La constituyente made by Beatriz González. The anteroom of the formal room is decorated with the pictures Madre Superiora or La Monja (The nun) by Fernando Botero, the triptych Glorificación de Bolívar by Andrés de Santa María and Angela Cayendo by Alejandro Obregón. Inside the Formal Room (Salón Protocolario) some events such as the inauguration of public functionaries or the reception of illustrious people take place; this room is decorated with a Colombian Flag made out of rustic wool, horsehair and cotton. The President´s private office is decorated with the portraits of Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Paula Santander and Antonio Nariño.</p><br>
<p>The main dining room of the Casa de Nariño is known as the Salón Azul (Blue room) or Salón Patria (Patriotic Room). It is decorated with enormous landscapes from different regions of Colombia, painted by Antonio Barrera, and vases gifted by the Government of China. Behind this room is the Salón Virreinal (Viceregal Room), which is decorated with the portrait of the Spanish viceroy Sebastián de Eslava who defended Cartagena de Indias against the English invasion. The vase inside the Salon Virreinal has a small beetle in its base and is a unique piece made in the Meissen workshop of Germany. The chapel located inside this room was built by order of Lorencita Villegas and it was used by Pope John Paul II during his visit to Colombia in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Salón Bolivar (Bolívar Room) or Red Room is a space designed for special meetings and celebrations. In this room there is an oil painting of Simón Bolívar known as Bolívar Viviente by Ricardo Acevedo Bernal. The Emerald Room is decorated in Empire style, the highlights of which are the convex mirrors and the 19th century clock that still works.</p><br>
<h2>Security</h2><br>
<p>The Casa de Nariño is guarded by the National Army of Colombia&#39;s 37th Infantry Battalion also known as the Presidential Guard Battalion, created by the decree of the President of Colombia Miguel Abadía Méndez on September 7, 1927. Decree 367 of 1928 gave it its current name. The Battalion was raised by Lieutenant Colonel Roberto Perea Sanclemente on August 16, 1928. A precedent for its foundation is the so-called Guardia de Honor del libertador Simón Bolívar (Spanish for Honor Guard of the Liberator Simón Bolívar), created in 1814 on his orders during the Spanish American Wars of Independence.</p><br>
<p>The battalion is part of the Army&#39;s 5th Division (13th Infantry Brigade), and is composed of 1,400 people: 29 officers, 116 NCOs, 1,189 soldiers and 66 civilian personnel, it is subdivided into several companies: Córdova Company (Infantry), Rondon Troop (Cavalry), also known as “Los ponis de la Rondón” (Spanish for the Rondon ponies), Ricaurte Battery (Artillery), Caldas Company (Engineers) (named after Francisco José de Caldas), Wafersson or Fergusson Company and finally the soldiers’ squad of the Military Household wearing historical uniforms. It also has its own military band and Corps of Drums. Its quarters are located in front of the Ministry of Finance´s building, on the south side of the palace. Their slogan is “En Defensa del Honor Hasta la Muerte” (“In defense of honor till death”).</p><br>
<p>Memorable actions of this battalion are remembered such as the protection given during the violent acts of the Bogotazo (April 9, 1948) and during the Palace of Justice Siege (November 6, 1985).</p><br>
<p>Resolution 3446 of August 17, 1955, created the medallion “Guardia Presidencial” and Decree 1880 of 1988 ruled the award merits for this prize given to the distinguished members of the battalion for their loyalty, service and good behavior.</p><br>
<p>On weekdays and weekends the public can see the flag lowering and Guard Mounting ceremony in the afternoon by personnel of the battalion. It is also has occasional public relations deployments to various towns and cities nationwide.</p><br>
<p>The Dent d&#39;Hérens  is a mountain in the Pennine Alps, lying on the border between Italy and Switzerland. The mountain lies a few kilometres west of the Matterhorn.</p><br>
<p>The Aosta hut (2,781 m) is used for the normal route.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The mountain takes its name from the Val dHérens, a valley located further to the north. The original name was probably the Dent Blanche, which is now that of the nearby Dent Blanche which overlooks the Val dHérens. On older maps, in the area where both summits lie, only the name Weisszahnhorn (from German: White Tooth Peak) was given, the French name (Dent Blanche) appearing only in 1820. Because cartographers usually made their observations far away from the remoter areas and also because the Dent dHérens is sometime hidden behind the Dent Blanche, thus being less visible, the latter received the name. The inhabitants of the lower Val dHérens called the Dent dHérens, the Dent Blanche, but those of the upper Val dHérens called it the Dent de Rong or the Dent d&#39;Erins, contributing to the general confusion. The names used today have been the official ones since the completion of the Dufour map in 1862.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Dent d&#39;Hérens is located on the main alpine watershed between the Swiss canton of Valais on the north and the Italian region of Aosta Valley on the south. The northern side of the mountain is part of the drainage basin of the Rhone, while the south side is part of the drainage basin of the Po River.</p><br>
<p>The Dent dHérens lies 4 km west of the Matterhorn and north of the village of Cervinia on the Italian (south) side. On the Swiss (north) side, the mountain rises above the Zmutt Glacier in the remote valley of Zmutt, 12 km away from the town of Zermatt. Despite its name suggests, the Dent dHérens does not overlook the Val d&#39;Hérens, as the Dent Blanche lying a few kilometers to the north do.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of the mountain was by Florence Crauford Grove, William Edward Hall, Reginald Somerled Macdonald, Montagu Woodmass, Melchior Anderegg, Jean-Pierre Cachat and Peter Perren on 12 August 1863. The mountain had been attempted a few days before by Edward Whymper, Jean Antoine Carrel and Luc Meynet but Whymper insisted that they retreat from their planned route up the west ridge because of loose rock. Whymper was annoyed that he had not chosen the line taken up the Grandes Murailles glacier and the south-west flank by Melchior Anderegg on the first ascent and later wrote:</p><br>
<p>The first winter ascent was by M. Piacenza, J. J. Carrell and G. B. Pellisier on 16 January 1910.</p><br>
<p>The 1,300-metre north face was first explored by George Finch, T. G. B. Forster and R. Peto on August 2, 1923 via the North Face Diagonal or Finch Route. A traversing rather than a more directly ascending line, it avoided the main difficulties of the face; these were tackled two years later by the direct line of the Welzenbach Route (Willo Welzenbach and Eugen Allwein) on 10 August 1925, which may be considered the first ascent of the face. On 5 August 1959 Wilfrid Noyce, together with C. J. Mortlock and Jack Sadler, made the first British ascent of the Welzenbach route. Having climbed the face and bivouacked on the summit, the combined team of German (Gerhard Deweß and Leo Herncarek), Polish (Jerzy Hajdukiewicz and Krzysztof Berbeka) and Swiss (Eckhart Grassmann, Pierre Monkewitz and Dieter Naef) climbers suffered two falls, one of 200 metres, on the descent down the south-west face. The injured climbers were stuck on the mountain for four days before rescue, with Berbeka later dying in hospital and Deweß and Naef requiring amputations.</p><br>
<p>The Old Provincetown Public Library building is a historic building at 330 Commercial Street in downtown Provincetown, Massachusetts. Built in 1874, it served as the town&#39;s public library from then until 2002, when the library was moved to the former Center Methodist Church. The building, a fine local example of Second Empire architecture, now houses the local tourist board. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Provincetown Public Library building stands on Commercial Street, Provincetown&#39;s principal commercial street, at the northwest corner with Freeman Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof providing a full third story. The exterior is finished in wooden clapboards, and the roof features a mansarded turret at the center of the front facade. The front is three bays wide, with a center entrance. Windows are sash, and are framed in a variety of different bracketed moulded hoods, some featuring simple cornices, with others have segmented-arch or triangular pediments. The main cornice is adorned with paired brackets, and a second cornice marks the transition between the differing slopes of the roof. A 1970s addition extends the building to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The former library building was constructed in 1874, and was a gift to the town from Nathaniel Freeman. Originally, only the ground floor housed the library: the second floor housed a YMCA, and the third floor was used as commercial space. In the library’s early years, the most colorful of its stewards was Abbie Cook Putnam. In 1977, the library — by now the building’s sole occupant — was extensively renovated. The librarian at the time was Alice O’Grady Joseph (d 2010), who was in charge from 1965 to 1982.</p><br>
<p>The space housed the library until 2002, when the library was moved to the former Center Methodist Church. The building now houses the local tourist board offices.</p><br>
<p>Public library, by Nickerson, G. H. (George Hathaway), 1835-1890.jpgStereoscope image, c. 1865–1885(?)</p><br>
<p>The Opana Radar Site is a National Historic Landmark and IEEE Milestone that commemorates the first operational use of radar by the United States in wartime, during the attack on Pearl Harbor. It is located off the Kamehameha Highway just inland from the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii, south of Kawela Bay. It is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In December 1939, the USA military established an Aircraft Warning Service (AWS) using radar to defend American territory. It employed the SCR-270 radar, the first United States long-range search radar created at the Signal Corps laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, circa 1937. The radar&#39;s operating frequency was 106 megahertz and it had a maximum range of 150 miles, or greater if the equipment was at an elevated site.</p><br>
<p>Under the command of Col. Wilfred H. Tetley the AWS established six mobile radar detector sites on Oahu at Kawaiola, Wainaae, Kaa&#39;awa, Koko Head, Schofield Barracks, and Fort Shafter. On Thanksgiving Day in 1941, the Schofield Barracks radar set was moved to the Opana Radar Site, a location 532 feet above sea level with an unobstructed view of the Pacific Ocean. The set comprised four trucks carrying the transmitter, modulator, water cooler, receiver, oscilloscope, operator, generator and antenna.</p><br>
<h2>Attack on Pearl Harbor</h2><br>
<p>On December 7, 1941, the Opana Radar Site was manned by Private Joseph L. Lockard and Private George Elliot, who detected approaching aircraft at 7:02 am (past the end of the site&#39;s scheduled operating day). Since the truck to take them to breakfast was late, the pair continued to practice with the radar equipment.</p><br>
<p>The men reported their findings to the temporary information center at Fort Shafter. Pvt Joseph McDonald took the call. Private McDonald found Lt Kermit Tyler when he entered the plotting room when he timed the message. Tyler told him that it was nothing. McDonald called back the Opana Radar site and spoke to Pvt Joseph Lockard. Lockard was excited, he had never seen so many planes. Infected with Lockard&#39;s excitement, McDonald returned to Tyler. McDonald suggested to Tyler to call back the plotters and notify Wheeler Field of the sighting. When Tyler again indicated that it was nothing, McDonald insisted that Tyler talk to Lockard directly. The information center staff had gone to breakfast and Lt. Kermit Tyler received the report. Tyler reasoned that the activity was a flight of Army B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, and advised the radar crew not to worry. Tyler told investigators that a friend in the Bomber group advised him that whenever the radio station played Hawaiian music all night, a flight from the mainland was arriving, and using that for navigation homing. McDonald was relieved at about 7:40 and returned to his tent waking his tent mate up by saying "Shim the Japs are coming". Elliot and Lockard continued plotting the incoming planes until 7:40 when contact was lost. Shortly before 8:00 am they headed to Kawailoa for breakfast and only learned about the attack when they arrived. Elliot and Lockard rushed back to Opana and operated the radar until the attack ended.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, a modern Navy telecommunications station occupies the top of the Opana Hill adjacent to the site. The station is a relay for the Department of State&#39;s Diplomatic Telecommunications Service. The former site is a National Historic Landmark and IEEE Milestone. Since the 1941 radar was a mobile unit, there is no physical evidence of the historic unit at the site. There is a commemorative plaque on the grounds of the Turtle Bay Resort at the foot of Opana Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Swinging Bridge is a pedestrian suspension bridge spanning the Androscoggin River between the Topsham Heights neighborhood of Topsham, Maine and neighboring Brunswick. It was built in 1892 for workers working at the Cabot Mill in Brunswick.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The bridge has two steel A-frame towers, each 30 ft in height, mounted on concrete abutments. Cables are suspended from the tower, supporting a wooden plank deck suspended from the cable by metal rods, and railings 3 ft high. The span across the river between the towers is 332 ft, and the distance between the cable anchor points is 520 ft. The cable is 1.875 in in diameter, with seven wires each composed of seven strands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was constructed by John A. Roeblings Sons Company, the engineering firm that designed and built the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and other bridges around the world. The bridges history is closely tied to the French Canadian heritage of Topsham and Brunswick.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the present steel towers replaced the original timber-framed towers. A flood destroyed the superstructure of the bridge in 1936 and it was rebuilt in 1938 by the Works Progress Administration. The current cables are original to the bridge&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The towns of Brunswick and Topsham created a joint committee to repair the bridge in 2000. The bridge renovation was completed in December 2006. Public parks on each side of the bridge were completed in summer 2007.</p><br>
<p>A reopening and dedication ceremony was held on September 8, 2007, with two of John A. Roebling&#39;s great-great-great granddaughters in attendance.</p><br>
<p>The Swinging Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 2004. It was dedicated as a Maine Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in May 2011 by the Maine Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is set to be a part of the new fully accessible Androscoggin Riverwalk currently being designed. Completion of the project is anticipated within three to five years.</p><br>
<p>The Rainbow Bridge is an old bridge over Brush Creek approximately two miles west of Riverton, Kansas on former USA Route 66 , now a county road. The bridge is a single-span concrete Marsh arch bridge and is the sole surviving bridge of this type on the entire length of the former highway. Two other Marsh arch bridges were also located on US-66 in Kansas, both over the Spring River. It was built in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has often been covered with graffiti, but was recently re-painted white. The bridge has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places (as the Brush Creek Bridge) on March 10, 1983, due to its connection with US-66 and is also a Kansas state landmark. In 2014, Kansas Rt. 66 Historic Byway nominated a bypassed 2.1 mi section of original 1926 highway, which ran south from the Brush Creek to the Willow Creek bridge near Baxter Springs, for an NRHP listing.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is fairly narrow, and due to traffic on the road, a replacement bridge has been built. The road curves toward the new bridge toward Baxter Springs, but a short, one-way road carries traffic to the Rainbow Bridge, which may still be crossed. This was part of a compromise after a disagreement between the county and the Kansas Route 66 Association as federal funds used for construction of the new bridge required demolition of the old. The bridge had been listed with the National Register, which prohibited condemnation of the old bridge.</p><br>
<p>In the year 2000, country singer Brad Paisley performed "Route 66" on the bridge for the TLC special, "Route 66: Main Street America".</p><br>
<p>The Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve is a 6,000 acre park located north of Mount Diablo in Contra Costa County, California under the administration of the East Bay Regional Park District . The district acquired the property in 1973. The preserve contains relics of 3 mining towns, former coal and sand mines, and offers guided tours of a former sand mine. The 60 mi of trails in the Preserve cross rolling foothill terrain covered with grassland, California oak woodland, California mixed evergreen forest, and chaparral.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Mount Diablo Coalfield</h3><br>
<p>From 1850 to 1906, the area was known as the Mount Diablo Coalfield, the largest in California, producing more than 400e6 ST of coal during this time. The area includes the remains of twelve coal mines and the sites of three long-gone coal mining towns. The Preserve contains over 200 mi of mine workings. The largest and oldest town, Nortonville, had a peak population of about 1,000. Somersville, Stewartville, West Hartley and Judsonville were located in valleys to the east. The sites of Stewartville and West Hartley are located on private property outside the eastern boundary of the Preserve. The mines were the Empire, Central, Star, Corcoran, Pittsburg, Manhattan, Eureka, Independent, Union, Black Diamond, Mt. Hope, and Cumberland. The coal produced was of a low grade (sub-bituminous or lignite), but for a time in the 19th century, was the only readily accessible and economic source in California. Therefore, it was a very valuable resource and powering the railroads, ships and heavy industry of California. The mineral was often called &#39;black diamond." The coal was carried to the San Joaquin River by three railroads: the Empire, Pittsburg, and Black Diamond, for shipment by barge to markets in the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento, California, Stockton, California and other communities.</p><br>
<p>Coal mining activity ended as better-quality imported coal became affordable and as petroleum emerged as an energy source. After the coal mines closed, the towns were abandoned and the area was used mainly for cattle grazing. Rose Hill Cemetery, the final resting place for over 200 residents of the coalfield, is located on a hillside between the Somersville and Nortonville townsites. Many of the burials were for children who died in epidemics of scarlet fever, typhoid fever, smallpox, and diphtheria. Many of the gravestones have been stolen or destroyed by vandals. The coal mines are closed due to hazards posed by the age of the mines, the gases they produce (carbon dioxide and methane), and their rock quality (the shale and coal in the mines is unstable). However, a number of mine openings have been turned into public-access openings which allow visitors to look into the mines and, for some, to walk a short distance underground. The deepest public-access opening is known as Prospect Tunnel. Visitors can enter 200 feet of this excavation made by miners searching for coal.</p><br>
<h3>Sandstone mine</h3><br>
<p>In the 1920s, a mine producing high-quality silica sandstone was started by owner Marvin Greathouse on a hillside above the Somersville townsite. He sold the product to the Hazel-Atlas Glass Company which operated a plant in Oakland manufacturing glass containers. Hazel-Atlas eventually purchased the mine and operated it until about 1945. Another sandstone mine in the Nortonville area produced sand used by the Columbia Steel mill in Pittsburg, California for steel casting. The two companies recovered more than 1.8e6 ST of sand between from the 1920s to the 1940s. The Hazel-Atlas mine is being restored and maintained by park staff and can be visited on guided tours which cover the area&#39;s mining history and geology.</p><br>
<p>Inside the Greathouse portal, a 950 foot-long section of the entrance corridor has been made into a museum. The first section is a series of self-guided exhibits, while the larger second section (which has a separate entrance from the outside), houses a reconstruction of the Hazel-Atlas works as it would have appeared around 1940.</p><br>
<p>EBRPD originally repurposed the Hazel-Atlas mine as a museum in the 1970s, but storm damage in 2007 forced closure of this attraction for extensive repairs. It did not reopen for five years.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The trails offer views of Mount Diablo, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, and on clear days, the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<p>The Preserve usually has an impressive variety of wildflowers in spring including the rare Mount Diablo fairy lantern (Calochortus pulchellus), Mount Diablo sunflower (Helianthella castanea), and Brewer&#39;s dwarf flax (Hesperolinon breweri). It is home to a variety of wildlife including deer, mountain lions, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, golden eagles, and a variety of hawks. The endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii), California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) and Alameda whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis) are present as well. The park is open year-round for hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding from 8 am to dusk. A backpack camp and a group camp can be reserved for overnight stays. There have been many reports of a ghost in the park.</p><br>
<h2>2016 land donation</h2><br>
<p>EBRPD accepted the donation of 50 acres by Antioch Holdings LLC on December 20, 2016. The property had been deeded to the holding company by Gordon Grevelle, president of Suncrest Homes, who had originally planned to build a gated residential community there when he had bought the tract in 1987. After going through an extensive permitting process and a decline in the California housing market, Grevelle decided that the project he had envisioned would be unlikely to meet his financial goals. Since the tract was already surrounded by park land, he chose to make the land available to EBRPD, which announced its intention to add the land to the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve. Grevelle estimated the market value of his donation at $3.5 million in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Okanagan Basin spans two countries and comprises the basin of Okanagan Lake, the Okanogan River and tributary valleys such as that of the Similkameen and Chelan Rivers. In Canada the basin constitutes two distinct regions within British Columbia, the Similkameen Country to the west and the main Okanagan region running from the communities of Osoyoos in the south to Armstrong in the north – incorporating most of the three Okanagan regional districts and is usually known as "the Okanagan" or as the Okanagan Valley or the Okanagan Country. In the United States, the Okanogan Country is the western, lowland core of Okanogan County, which like its Canadian counterpart has a history and economy based on ranching, gold, fruit orcharding and vineyards, but the basin includes Lake Chelan and other flanking valleys. Communities in Washington&#39;s Okanogan Basin include Brewster, Pateros, Omak, Okanogan, Oroville and Brewster.</p><br>
<p>Almost 200 km long and 8000 km in area, the Canadian portion of the Okanagan watershed is approximately 2/3 the size of Vancouver Island. Okanagan Lake dominates the basin which contains many small lakes and watercourses. The Okanagan Valley was carved out by glaciers, and when the ice retreated approximately 10,000 years ago, the Canadian portion of the basin was filled with one huge waterbody, Lake Penticton. The Valley was scoured to something like its current state when an ice dam at the southern end of Lake Penticton melted, emptying most of the valley.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian Environmental Grantmakers’ Network considers the Okanagan Basin to be the most arid watershed in Canada, with an urgent need for effective water management. The Okanagan Basin Water Board was established more than 35 years ago, to provide leadership on regional water issues, taking a basin-wide perspective and seeking collaborative solutions.</p><br>
<p>The Chauncey Ellwood House is a 19th-century Italianate residence in the DeKalb County, Illinois city of Sycamore. It is a contributing property to the Sycamore Historic District; added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The house is in the 800 block of Somonauk Street. The Esther Mae Nesbitt House, next door, was once the carriage house for the home.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The Chauncey Ellwood House is designed in Italianate style, today, painted a distinctive red color. A large pond occupies the backyard On the front wall of the Chauncey Ellwood House two additional wooden supports are anchored at either end of the porch. A small triangular pediment overhangs the front stairs. In the older set up the stairs were set at the far south end of the house instead of centered, as they are today.</p><br>
<h2>Chauncey Ellwood</h2><br>
<p>Chauncey Ellwood was the older brother of barbed wire entrepreneur Isaac Ellwood, a resident of nearby DeKalb, Illinois. Ellwood was an attorney, merchant and, for a time, mayor of Sycamore.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The folklore of the Potawatomi tribe, which inhabited the area, held that the natural pond in the backyard was once a watering hole for native buffalo before the herds moved further west. During the 20th century the pond became known as Patten&#39;s Pond.</p><br>
<p>Old Sycamore Hospital is two-story brick structure in downtown Sycamore, Illinois, United States. It is a contributing structure within the Sycamore Historic District. The district was established when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The hospital building is located at the corner of Elm and Somonauk Streets in Sycamore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The old hospital building was once home to the 1899, funded and designed by Letitia A. Westgate, at a total cost of $25,000.</p><br>
<p>In late 1901 the hospitals future was in jeopardy, due to a medical malpractice suit. The city of Sycamore saw that the Sycamore Hospital building could become available on the open market. The city contacted Andrew Carnegie to request a $25,000 grant to purchase and remodel the hospital for use as a library. The citys request for the grant was ultimately approved, albeit for the construction of a new building across the street from the DeKalb County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Westgate left the Sycamore area by 1907 to become the city chemist in Aurora, Illinois. The hospital operated for another ten years but in 1917 the property was acquired by the Elks Club.</p><br>
<p>The Carlos Lattin House was built by Illinois&#39; first settler, Carlos Lattin. It lies within the boundaries of the Sycamore Historic District and is listed as one of the contributing structures in the district. The Sycamore Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house, in the 300 block of Somonauk Street in Sycamore, was erected in 1854 by the citys first permanent settler, Carlos Lattin, who arrived in Sycamore in 1835. He prospered as a farmer and grain and lumber dealer, worked as a correspondent for the Chicago Democrat, that citys first newspaper, and served as DeKalb County treasurer.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is designed in the Greek Revival style and features exterior brick construction.</p><br>
<p>Charles Irving Thornton  was an American infant from the state of Virginia. His tombstone, located in Cumberland State Forest in Cumberland County, Virginia, is listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places as one of only two gravestones in the world, and the only one in the United States, known to exist with an epitaph by Charles Dickens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Irving Thornton was the son of Anthony and M. I. Thornton of Cumberland County. He died on March 12, 1842, at the age of 13 months and 19 days. A Dr. Deane was attending to the child, and upon his death was moved to write to Dickens to request an epitaph to be placed on the childs grave. Dickens had recently visited Virginia as part of his tour of the United States, but by mid-March had moved on to Ohio. The authors reasons for complying with the doctors request remain unclear, especially given the extreme distaste that he expressed toward Virginias continued economic dependence on slavery; to explain his possible motivations, some historians have attempted to establish a genealogical link between Dickens, the Thorntons, and Washington Irving.</p><br>
<p>Thornton&#39;s grave may still be visited today; it is in a difficult-to-find area of the state forest, but park rangers are willing to direct people to the site.</p><br>
<h2>Epitaph</h2><br>
<p>The epitaph was edited slightly from the one provided by Dickens. It reads:</p><br>
<p>Doubletop Mountain is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine, in Baxter State Park.</p><br>
<p>As the name implies, the mountain has two peaks; a north peak (3,489 ft) and a south peak (3,455 ft). From the north a trail from the Nesowednehunk Campground to the north peak is 3.1 mi long and another 0.2 mi to the south peak. From Foster Field, to the south, a 4 mi trail leads to the summit. The last third of mile (0.33 mi) is steep and climbs about 900 ft. The north peak is wooded while the south peak is more open.</p><br>
<p>Beneath one of the peaks, set in the rock, is a south facing bronze memorial tablet which reads:</p><br>
<p>KEPPELE HALL</p><br>
<p>JUNE 10, 1872—APRIL 25, 1926</p><br>
<p>HIS ASHES WERE GIVEN TO THE WINDS</p><br>
<p>AT THIS PLACE AUGUST 20, 1926, AT</p><br>
<p>SUNSET, BY HIS WIFE.</p><br>
<p>Keppele Hall&#39;s wife, Fanny Hall, was the first American woman to serve as foreman of a grand jury.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Doubletop Mountain stands within the watershed of Nesowadnehunk Stream, which drains into the West Branch of the Penobscot River, and into Penobscot Bay. It is flanked to the southwest by Squaw&#39;s Bosom.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Madre de Oaxaca is a mountain range in southern Mexico. It is primarily in the state of Oaxaca, and extends north into the states of Puebla and Veracruz.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain range begins at Pico de Orizaba, and extends in a southeasterly direction for 300 km (190 miles) until reaching the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Peaks in the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca average 2,500 m (8200 ft) in elevation, with some peaks exceeding 3,000 m (9800 ft).</p><br>
<p>The eastern slopes of the range are wetter, intercepting moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Mexico. A number of drier valleys lie to the west, in the rain shadow of the range.</p><br>
<p>Other major mountain range systems in the region are the Sierra Madre del Sur to the south along the coast, and the Sierra Madre de Chiapas to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests ecoregion lies above 1,600 m in elevation. The humid Oaxacan montane forests ecoregion lies below 1,600 m in elevation, on the eastern slopes above the Veracruz lowlands. To the east, the xeric Tehuacan Valley matorral ecoregion occupies the Tehuacan valley to the northwest, the Jalisco dry forests ecoregion occupies the upper basin of the Santo Domingo River, which lies in the rain shadow of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca. The Southern Pacific dry forests ecoregion lies to the south along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, extending into the upper basin of the Tehuantepec River and the Valley of Oaxaca.</p><br>
<h2>Subranges</h2><br>
<p>Culturally and geographically, the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca System can be split into many smaller sierras or subranges, each with unique ecologies and human cultures.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Mazateca, located in northwestern Oaxaca state, reach elevations around 2,600 m. Cerro Rabon is its most unusual peak, albeit not its highest, the whale shaped "Holy Mountain of the Mazatecs." It is the homeland of the Mazatec people. Important towns include: Huautla de Jiménez, Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón, and Jalapa de Díaz.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra de Cuicatlan, south of the Sierra Mazateca, are a range which divides the low canyonlands of Cuicatlan from the Sierra Juarez to the west and is home to the Cuicatec people.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Juárez is the land of the Sierra Zapotecs. It is the birthplace of Mexico&#39;s only indigenous president, Benito Juárez. The main towns of the Sierra Juarez are Ixtlan de Juárez, San Ildefonso Villa Alta, and Villa Hidalgo Yalalag.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Chinanteca, north of the Sierra Juárez, are home to Chinantec towns including Santiago Comaltepec, San Pedro Yolóx. and San Felipe Usila.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Mixe are to the east, as the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca descends towards the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, lies t, home to the Mixe people, descendants of the Ancient Olmecs of Mexico&#39;s Gulf Coast. The major Mixe centers are San Pablo & San Pedro Ayutla, Santiago Zacatepec, and Santa María Totontepec, and the major peak of the area is Zempoateptl, the sacred mountain of the Mixe people.</p><br>
<h2>Famous people</h2><br>
<p>Benito Juárez: First indigenous president of Mexico, born in the Zapotec community now called Guelatao de Juárez in his honour.</p><br>
<p>Ricardo Flores Magón & Enrique Flores Magón: the two famous Mexican anarchists and founders of Magonismo were born in the Sierra Mazateca, along with their brother Jesus Flores Magón, a more moderate politician.</p><br>
<p>María Sabina: Mazatec curandera from Huautla de Jiménez</p><br>
<p>Marcos Pérez Santiago: A prominent 19th century Oaxacan Liberal and lawyer, born in Teococuilco de Marcos Pérez</p><br>
<p>The Little Schuylkill River is a 30.6 mi tributary of the Schuylkill River in northeast Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It rises south of McAdoo Heights in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, on top of Broad Mountain. It flows south, then southwest passing through the communities of Tamaqua and New Ringgold. The river joins the Schuylkill River near Port Clinton west of Hawk Mountain. The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission has designated two parts of the stream special trout stocking areas.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*Indian Run</p><br>
<p>* Rattling Run</p><br>
<p>*Lofty Creek</p><br>
<p>*Locust Creek</p><br>
<p>* Panther Creek</p><br>
<p>* Wabash Creek</p><br>
<p>* Owl Creek</p><br>
<p>* Cold Run</p><br>
<p>*Koenigs Creek</p><br>
<p>* Brushy Run</p><br>
<p>* Swamp Run</p><br>
<p>* Rabbit Run</p><br>
<p>* Still Creek</p><br>
<p>Vastas  is a village in the municipality of Megalopoli, Arcadia, Greece. It is situated on a mountainside near the border with Messenia, at about 850 m elevation. It is known for its "miracle church" of Saint Theodora. Vastas is 2 km west of Isaris, 6 km northeast of Kato Melpeia , 6 km northwest of Chranoi and 14 km west of Megalopoli.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Saint Theodora</h2><br>
<p>Vastas is best known for its "miracle church" of Saint Theodora of Vasta, who was an 11th-century Byzantine citizen. When the area was raided by bandits, Theodora was determined to help defend her village, but as a woman it was unthinkable to do so. Not to be deterred, Theodora secretly disguised herself as a male soldier in order to join the defense. Unfortunately, Theodora did not survive, and as she lay dying she uttered the following words:</p><br>
<p>"Let my body become a church</p><br>
<p>My blood a river</p><br>
<p>My hair the forest"</p><br>
<p>The villagers, moved by her bravery and her untimely demise, built a church at the site of her grave. Legend has it that a local river re-routed to pass directly under the church. Eventually, trees sprouted from the roof of the church, the roots of which are not visible under the roof and neither inside nor outside the church. Currently the church has 17 enormous holly and maple trees growing on its roof. Most of them are taller than 30 meters. Saint Theodora has become an important saint of the Greek Orthodox Church and the site has become important for religious pilgrims and sightseers alike.</p><br>
<h2>The mystery of the trees</h2><br>
<p>Researchers from the University of Patras, in Greece, have studied the structure and have the following comments:</p><br>
<p>Many stories have seen the light of publication for the small church of Saint Theodora of particular religious importance, mainly related to its creation, the Saint that has given him her name and its story in general that also involves a "miracle". The building of the small church, visited each year by many believers is of the Byzantine era and besides the jurisdiction of the Church it is also under that of the Ministry of Culture as a Byzantine Monument. The geophysical team of the University of Patras tried to add to the restoration of this preserved building. The problem was directly connected to the "miracle" that takes place there and the myth that is spread around involving the creation of the small church and is as follows: seventeen large trees and several smaller have grown on the roof of the building. Their roots are not visible under the few centimeters roof and neither inside or outside the church. The whole building is of course, under pressure due to this large load and there have been several reconstruction interventions during its life. Those non-professional interventions resulted in destroying the architecture of the church. The problem that had to be dealt with according to the trees on the top, was to find out where their roots were directed, without provoking the religious feeling of the church people and the clergymen that were our "sleepless guardians" throughout the entire survey. After an onsite estimation of the situation it was decided that the high-frequency georadar would be used on the walls of the building together with electrical tomography with very small electrodes, so as to have a double check on the methodology. The results of the investigation threw ample light to the mystery and gave the Direction of Restoration of Byzantine and After Byzantine Monuments all the answers they needed to proceed safely to the restoration of the Church of Saint Theodora. It was proved that the roots follow the gaps existing inside the side stonewall creating repulsion stresses between the stones and thus they reach the ground. This leads to the creation of a net of roots that reinforces the building from a static point of view opposing the roof load but also destroying the stonewalls. It was also proved that the south wall is almost intact while there seems to be a particular void in the north wall.</p><br>
<h2>The Three Wonders of Vasta</h2><br>
<h3>The Unexplored Historic Caverns</h3><br>
<p>The wonder of the Church of St. Theodora. This ancient little church sits on the top of some gigantic unexplored caverns. About 40 years ago, a local land owner, (Mitsios Papakostantinou), found three small statues in the mysterious and unexplored caverns. The statues were claimed by the museum of Sparta.</p><br>
<h3>The Wonder of the Ancient Fossil Footprint (Kolokotroni's foot print)</h3><br>
<p>The wonder of the Ancient Fossil Foot Print (Kolokoroni&#39;s foot print). On the northwestern side of the village, (Kolokotronaki) there rests a big limestone with a perfect fossil foot print on it. The older villagers tell the legend of the Father of the Greek Independence Revolution of 1821, Kolokotroni. They say that Kolokotroni and his men on their horses, used to use that spot as an observation point for approaching Turks. One day, when Kolokotroni dismounted from his horse, his foot left an imprint upon the rock.</p><br>
<h3>The Third Wonder of Vastas</h3><br>
<p>The third wonder, is the ice cold spring on the top of mount Tetrazion, the villages highest point. The water is so cold that is very hard for anyone to keep a hand in the water for more than 40 seconds.</p><br>
<p>The mystery is where is that water coming from.</p><br>
<p>The legend is that the god Apollo used to refresh himself at this spring as his temple is in sight at the mountain top on the west side below.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Vasilis Papakonstantinou (1950-), singer, musician and songwriter</p><br>
<p>The John Nance Garner House, located in Uvalde, Texas, United States, was the home of American Vice-President John Nance Garner and his wife Ettie from 1920 until Ettie&#39;s death in 1948. Garner, a native of Uvalde, lived there until 1952, when he moved to a small cottage on the property and donated the main house to the City of Uvalde as a memorial to Mrs. Garner. The house is now known as the Briscoe-Garner Museum, and also known as the Ettie R. Garner Memorial Building.</p><br>
<p>The structure is a two-story H-shaped tan brick home with dark wood shingles highlighted by a row of red clay tiles. It was built to plans by Atlee B. Ayres, at the time the most prominent architect in San Antonio, if not the state. The building housed the community library until about 1973. It then became a museum, using the first floor for displays documenting Garner&#39;s life and career.</p><br>
<p>The main house and cottage were designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 1976.</p><br>
<p>On November 20, 1999, the City of Uvalde transferred ownership of the Garner Home and Museum to the University of Texas at Austin, whereupon it became a division of the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History. In 2011, the University closed the house to the public for renovations. The displays were moved to the First State Bank of Uvalde main branch lobby. When the renovations are complete, the first floor will still be devoted to Garner, and the second floor will have new exhibits dedicated to Dolph Briscoe, the 41st Governor of Texas and also a Uvalde native.</p><br>
<p>The Montvale Hotel is a boutique hotel in Spokane, Washington. Originally built in 1899 as an SRO , the Montvale Hotel also served Spokane as an apartment building, a brothel, and as a youth hostel during Expo 74 and then was abandoned for 30 years. It was restored and re-opened in January 2005 as a 36-room boutique hotel, becoming one of Spokanes premier hotels with The Davenport Hotel and the Hotel Lusso. On August 25, 2015, it was announced that the Montvale Hotel had been acquired by Jerry Dicker&#39;s Ruby Hospitality.</p><br>
<p>With the demolition of the Pennington Wing at the Davenport Hotel, the Montvale gained the distinction as Spokane’s oldest hotel. Kilmer and Sons Hardware was located on buildings main floor for over 60 years. Kilmer once employed Henry J. Kaiser.</p><br>
<p>Currently located in the same building as the Montvale Hotel is Scratch Restaurant and is located on the street level of the building.</p><br>
<p>Wedge Mountain, 2895 m  prominence: 2249 m, often locally referred to as The Wedge or simply "Wedge", is the highest summit in the Garibaldi Ranges and therefore also Garibaldi Provincial Park, and is among the nearest of the many peaks visible from the Whistler Blackcomb Ski Area, lying north across the valley of Billygoat Pass from the Spearhead Range, which includes one of that resorts two flagship mountains, Blackcomb. It was named for its distinctive wedge shape by the Garibaldi Park Board in 1932 in preference to Mount Vancouver, which had been submitted earlier. It is part of an unnamed range forming the most northerly group of peaks in the Garibaldi Ranges, the other two most notable being Mount Weart, known as the Armchair because of its shape, and Mount Currie, which overlooks the First Nations Reserve of the same name and the neighbouring town of Pemberton. Wedges very high prominence is defined by the divide between the Green and Cheakamus Rivers at a locality at the south end of Alta Lake known as Tokum Corners.</p><br>
<p>The mountain sits astride the boundary between the New Westminster and Lillooet Land Districts.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing & Access</h2><br>
<p>A 6 km steep hike leads to a backcountry shelter and camping area at Wedgemount Lake, which is an approximately three-hour hike (without heavy gear) from a parking lot near the Wedgemont Green Lake. railstop and track-crossing of the CNR near the foot of Across Wedgemount Lake from the cabin is the glacier, and above that the summit. The cabin, located at the North end of the lake, is at approximately 1,920 m feet. There are multiple ways of approaching the summit. The more direct way is a knife-edge ridge called the Northeast Arete, which leads more or less directly to the summit, requiring a full complement of winter mountaineering equipment. Another route that can be taken without such tools is the South face. This part can be seen from the valley, appearing to be a steep rock-covered slope... which it is, or is it. To approach the South face parties must climb over the glacier to the West Couloir, across the bottom of it and up to the left. Most of Wedge is in a provincial park, so helicopters are not allowed to drop people off there. In the early 1970s the glacier that now almost reaches the eastern end of Wedgemount Lake extended into the lake and at its terminus was approximately ten meters in height.</p><br>
<p>Mount Judge Howay, originally the Snow Peaks , is a distinctive twin summit located 10 km from the Central Fraser Valley and, close up, the north end of Stave Lake. Being one of the highest peaks in the region, it is visible from many of the peaks around Vancouver, British Columbia. It is on the eastern side of Golden Ears Provincial Park.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Mount Judge Howay is named for Frederic W. Howay, a noted jurist and judge primarily known for being an authority on the history of British Columbia. Just to the southwest, Mount Robie Reid commemorates his lifelong colleague in law and history, Robie Lewis Reid.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Due to its remote location and complicated topography, it is a very difficult peak to climb. To approach it from the southeast requires a canoe to get to the head of the lake, an approach on deactivated logging roads, a ford of the Stave River, climbing through steep Pacific Coast rainforest while orienteering through cliff bands.</p><br>
<p>Zervreilasee is a reservoir located south-west of Vals in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. The lake has a surface area of 1.61 km² and an elevation of 1,862 m. The maximum depth is 140 m.</p><br>
<p>The dam is 151 m high and was completed in 1957. The village of Zervreila was flooded after the construction of the dam. A 150-metre-long bridge (Canalbrücke) crosses the southern bay of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Zervreilasee, located near the upper end of the Valser Tal, is surrounded by peaks over 3,000 metres. The highest visible from the lake is the Güferhorn (3,379 m), located on the south side. Other peaks are the Fanellhorn (3,124 m), the Frunthorn (3,030 m), Piz Scharboda (3,122 m), the Plattenberg (3,041 m) and the Furggeltihorn (3,043 m). The Zervreilahorn is a sharp peak overlooking the lake from its south-west side.</p><br>
